Chen [6] measured the junction temperature using this approach, and obtained the results that were consistent selleck inhibitor with those obtained using the emission peak energy shift approach. The infrared ray scheme is an effective means of measuring the temperature of an LED, but it measures only the temperature on the top of the chip, which is not the junction temperature. Senawiratne [7] estimated used thermal resistance measurement to determine the measurement junction temperature of a light emitting diode, increasing the driving currents in increments at increments of 10 mA to 250 mA. Xi [8] examined a theoretical model of the dependence of the forward voltage of a diode on junction temperature. Chen [9] applied micro-electro-mechanical Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries systems (MEMS) techniques to develop a resistance temperature detector (RTD).

Chen [10] also adopted Y-doped BaZrO3 thin films to make an RTD high-temperature sensor, and the resistance temperature detector is also applied in numerous domains [11,12]; this method is quite effective. Although a thermal resistance measurement is frequently employed, it is inaccurate because a change in the current Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries produces a pulse, but the current can only be measured when it is stable.This work presents a novel approach based on micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) technology to fabricate a flexible micro temperature sensor on a stainless steel foil substrate (SS-304 with a thickness of 30 ��m) in order to monitor in-situ the junction temperature of a light emitting diode. This fabrication technique has the advantages of: (1) small size, (2) high sensitivity, (3) flexible but precise measurement positions, Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries and (4) mass production.

2.?Methodology2.1. Thermal Resistance MeasurementPreviously, the Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries junction temperature of LEDs has been determined from changes in the forward voltage [13]. Thermal resistance was measured by exploiting the fact that resistance increases with temperature, and the voltage thus declines. Figure 1 presents the circuit diagram. Thermal resistance is measured as follows: (1) Input an initial measured current (IM) and measure the initial voltage (VF0); (2) Input a higher heating current (IH) until the temperature is stable; (3) Change the measured current (IM) rapidly, and measure the voltage (VFSS) after heating; (4) Compare VF0 and VFSS following calibration to yield the temperature of the LED chip, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 1.Circuit illustration of thermal resistance Entinostat measurement technology.Figure 2.Measuring procedure of thermal resistance measurement technology.Although measurements of thermal resistance are useful, this approach cannot always be applied to measure temperature, and a pulse is produced when the current is changed. The pulse affects the voltage, destabilizing the measured temperature.2.2. Resistance Temperature DetectorIn this work, the temperature sensor was selleck chemicals Ruxolitinib a resistance temperature detector (RTD).

Poly(p-phenylene) (PPP) is a conductive polymer which possesses several advantages such as the ease of synthesis, high stability, and chemical resistance. PPP can be used in many other applications: sellckchem rechargeable batteries, electrodes, etc. [9]. PPP has also been used as a gas sensing material since its optical and electrical properties change under exposures to particular gases [10,11].Toxic and flammable gases such as CO, SO2, NH3 and H2 are commonly used and released from industrial plants. With respect to sensing applications, the interaction between the gases, the target gases, and CPs can be divided into two types: either the conductivity increases or decreases depending on both the undoped/doped state of the CPs and the electrophilic/nucleophilic behavior of the target gases [6,11-13].

Conductive polymers such as polypyrrole [14], polyaniline [15,16], polyaniline-carboxylated PVC composite [17], and polyaniline/epoxy resin (SU-8) composite [18] have been investigated as NH3 sensors.To induce or enhance the interaction between CPs and the target gases, zeolite molecular sieves have been employed [19] due to their nanometric Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries sized channel systems that provide size and shape-selective Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries properties. The adsorption properties of zeolite depend on the zeolite type, the pore size, temperature, and the type of cation residing in the pore. There are two well-known mechanisms for the selective adsorption of zeolites [20]. First, the molecular sieve property, whereby molecules small enough to pass Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries through are adsorbed while larger molecules are not.

Second, the zeolite chemical composition; Si/Al ratio is the major factor controlling the hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties of materials. The introduction of specific cations, by Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries using the cation exchange method, can dramatically alter gas adsorption properties.In order to fabricate a sensor with good selectivity which can be operated at room temperature, a conductive polymer AV-951 and a zeolite are mixed together to combine the advantages of these two materials. In this work, we propose the fabrication of poly(p-phenylene)/zeolite composites for use as an ammonia gas sensor. ZSM-5 zeolite is used as an absorbent. The porous ZSM-5 zeolite induces target gas to contact with low porosity conductive poly(p-phenylene).

The effects of ammonia concentration, zeolite content, and cation types, including kinase inhibitor Vandetanib H+, Na+, K+ and NH4+ on the electrical conductivity response towards ammonia are systematically investigated.2.?Experimental2.1. MaterialsBenzene (AR grade) was obtained from Thai Aromatic Co., Ltd and was freshly distilled before use as the monomer. Aluminium chloride and cupric chloride (AR grades, Riedel-de Haen) were used as the oxidant and the catalyst for the synthesis of poly(p-phenylene), respectively. Hydrochloric acid (AR grade, JT Baker) was used as the washing solution. Ferric chloride (AR grade, Fisher Scientific) and ethanol (99.

The same process was used for both substrate types (planar single-crystal selleck chem silicon and quartz test substrates, and optical fiber sensors), modified only to accommodate the fiber size and geometry, which merely required smaller solution volumes.Substrates were prepared for thin film deposition in a piranha bath (H2SO4:H2O2, 7:3 v/v) for 1 h and rinsed three times with ultrapure water, producing a negatively charged surface. Water used in all experiments had a resistance greater than 18 M�� cm (Barnstead Diamond RO, Nanopure Diamond UV/UF). To improve self-assembly growth characteristics and ameliorate denaturation [32], a polyelectrolyte film was assembled on each substrate prior to DNA/IgG assembly.Polyelectrolytes were obtained from Aldrich and used in aqueous solutions of 100�C150 g/mL, 0.

02 Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries M NaCl, and pH in the range 5.5�C7.4. Briefly, a freshly rinsed sensor was immersed in an aqueous poly allylamine hydrochloride (PAH) or poly diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride (PDDA) solution for 5 min, followed by rinsing three Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries times in ultrapure water. It was then immersed in a similar aqueous solution of poly-sodium-4-styrenesulfonate (PSS) for 5 min, and rinsed again. These two steps were repeated alternately with 1 min immersion times until the desired number of bilayers was achieved, typically 6�C12, and ending with a cationic layer. The substrate was then dried in a stream of nitrogen and stored at room temperature. The IgG monolayer or single-stranded DNA probes (50 ��g/mL) were deposited in a similar manner over a period of 1 h.

The experiments described here were performed without the additional step of immersion in a binding blocker. Should nonspecific Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries binding become a concern, the fiber sensor can be immersed in a standard binding block solution, e.g., bovine Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries serum albumin in phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4 with NaN3 as a preservative (PBS-1% BSA-0.1% NaN3), as a final sensor fabrication Entinostat step.2.2. Production and Isolation of AntibodiesNew Zealand White
Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) enables the identification of nearby objects or people by means of Radio-Frequency (RF) signals. The communication takes place between small and inexpensive devices called tags which are attached to the items to be tracked, and readers which collect and manage information about these items. This process is performed in the coverage area of the reader, or checking area.

RFID is increasingly being used to identify and track objects in supply chains and manufacturing selleck compound process [1]. These scenarios consider a large number of tags attached to items which pass through checking areas, usually carried in sets by conveyor belts, pallets, lorries, etc. According to the power supply of the tags, RFID systems are classified as active or passive. The former are used in applications which typically require to sense the environment (e.g., Wireless Sensor Networks). The latter are the most extended in logistic facilities due to their low cost.

They are http://www.selleckchem.com/products/CAL-101.html using a wireless sensor network with Sensicast devices for the air temperature, relativity humidity and soil temperature measurements. They have also developed a Web-based plant monitoring application. A greenhouse grower can read the measurements over the Internet, and an alarm will be sent to his mobile phone by SMS or GPRS if some measurement variable changes rapidly. Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries The Rinnovando group has installed a test bed in a 20 �� 50 m tomato greenhouse, where six nodes are deployed into two rows 12.5 m apart from each other. One mesh node works as a repeater and improves the throughput of the communication. A bridge node gathers data from other sensor nodes, which transmit the measurements of temperature and relative humidity in one minute intervals [16].Yoo et al.

have described their results on a real deployment of a IEEE 802.15.4 compliant WSN to monitor and control the environment in greenhouses where melon and Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries cabbage were grown [17,18]. Lea-Cox et al. have developed a greenhouse WSN that integrates a variety of sensors which can measure substrate water, temperature, electrical conductivity, daily photosynthetic radiation and leaf wetness in real-time. Benefits came from an improved plant growth, more efficient water and fertilizer applications, together with a reduction in disease problems related to over-watering [18,19].Liu et al. have developed and tested a WSN prototype for environmental monitoring inside a greenhouse using a star topology network of Crossbow MICAz motes. The motes measure temperature, humidity and soil moisture, and send their measurements to the sink node in five minutes intervals.

The sink Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries node is a combination of a MICAz mote and a MIB510 board with a data terminal. A terminal with an ARM processor module shows the lastest measurements on a LCD-screen inside the greenhouse and delivers the data to the main PC by using a GSM module. The central PC located remotely from the network takes care of data logging and Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries processing. Mote programming and data receiving is Carfilzomib possible through the RS-232 serial interface provided by the MIB510 board. The Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) values over the distance between nodes with different antenna heights and polarization angles were compared to each other. Based on the results it was possible to conclude that the longest communication range was achieved when nodes had the same orientation and maximal antenna height. The temperature difference in experimental measurements between two nodes, where one node was placed in the center of the greenhouse and another near the greenhouse wall indicated the existence of the microclimate selleck catalog layers [20].Zhou et al.

The change in resonance frequency and absorption Axitinib mechanism of the cavity is then measured and can be related to the dielectric constant. The method has been used frequently for measurements on homogeneous Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries foods due to its simplicity, ease of getting results, accuracy and it lends itself well to be used with high temperatures [19�C22].It is also possible to determine the dielectric properties of a material by measuring th
The ambient information society is the concept and framework where intelligent environment detects, reasons, and satisfies overt and potential demands of people without their interaction [1�C3]. In the ambient information society, people do not need to be aware of existence of networked information devices embedded in the environment.
They do not need to intentionally access a network to control the environment to make it comfortable and satisfy their demands. Instead, the embedded network controls the environment and Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries provides personalized information services to a user taking into account time, place, occasion, and person.To realize the ambient information Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries society, networks deployed and operating in the same environment must cooperate with each other in exchanging information, sharing information, and controlling each other. For example, a person has a wireless body area network which consists of vital sensors, accelerometers, PDA, and other devices. On the other hand, a room has embedded wired and wireless networks which consist of sensors and actuators for environmental control. Intelligent home appliances also constitute embedded networks.
When the person enters Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries the room, those networks should cooperate with each other for smart environmental control. However, in general, those devices organize different and independent networks operating on different control policies. Therefore, to let the room provide the person with a comfortable environment, we need a mechanism for different networks to smoothly and dynamically connect and share their information. However, Carfilzomib it is not a trivial task.In general, wireless sensor networks adopt a sleep scheduling or duty cycling mechanism to save energy. Operational frequencies, that is, frequencies that they wake up and resume operation, are different among networks depending on application��s requirement and characteristics of devices. For example, an air conditioner selleck chemicals llc would obtain and use the temperature information every minute to adjust its thermostat. On the other hand, devices to detect locations of people have to report their detection result very frequently at an order of seconds.

In order to efficiently perform their tasks, robots require a high level of autonomy and cooperation.Even though http://www.selleckchem.com/products/INCB18424.html cheap robot hardware has become widely accessible on the market, application of multi-robot systems in our everyday lives is limited. Nevertheless, due to the potential that this field has, great efforts have been made by various research groups to investigate the algorithms for coordination and control of multi-robot systems consisting of large number of units. In order to unify the research under a single framework, some researchers have proposed different multi-robot system taxonomies. Dudek et al. [1] proposed a taxonomy that categorizes the existing multi-robot systems along various axes, including size (number of robots), team organization (e.g., centralized vs.
distributed), communication topology (e.g., broadcast vs. unicast), and team composition (e.g., homogeneous vs. heterogeneous). Rather than architectures, Gerkey and Matari? [2] categorized the underlying coordination Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries problems with a focus on multi-robot task allocation (MRTA). These authors distinguished: single-task (ST) and multi-task (MT) robots, single-robot (SR) and multi-robot (MR) tasks, and instantaneous (IA) and time-extended (TA) assignment.When dealing with a large number of robots, distributed coordination and decentralized communication can acquire great benefits for the overall system��s performance. A system consisting of a large number of autonomous robots that directly or indirectly (via environment) communicate with one another is referred to as swarm [3].
The advantages of the decentralized Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries over a more traditional centralized approach can be significant as the former usually provides higher autonomy, adaptability, scalability, Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries and robustness of the whole system [4�C8]. In order to develop adequate coordination models for Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries robot swarms, many researchers have sought inspiration in natural systems, such as ant and bee colonies, bird flocks or fish schools [9�C12]. Still, criteria for robot swarms remains efficiency and cost, while the biological plausibility often serves only as an initial idea.In this paper, the optimized Distributed Bees Algorithm (DBA) is applied to distributed target allocation in a swarm of robots. The DBA was previously proposed and validated by the authors through a set of experiments with physical robots [13].
A detailed comparison Dacomitinib of the DBA with the state of the art algorithms for task allocation, further info and the analysis of the algorithm��s scalability, are given in [14]. The DBA introduces a set of control parameters that adapt swarm��s behavior with respect to robots�� distribution error and deployment cost. In this work, these parameters are optimized for an improved swarm��s performance in terms of deployment cost measured as the average distance traveled by the robots in the deployment phase. By changing the values of the DBA��s control parameters, the targets�� allocation patterns are modified.

, and used as received without further purification.2.1. Preparation of GOIn a typical procedure, GO was first prepared from pure graphite using a modified Hummer’s method [27,28]. Briefly, 2.0 g of natural graphite powder was added to 300 mL of H2SO4 namely under stirring at 0 ��C, and then 3.0 g of NaNO3 and 20 g of KMnO4 were added gradually. Successively, the mixture was transferred to a water bath at 30 ��C and stirred for 20 min to form a thick paste. Then, 250 mL of distilled water was slowly added and the temperature was increased to 98 ��C. After 30 min aging, another 500 mL of water was added and this was followed by a dropwise addition of 40 mL of H2O2 (30%). When the color of the solution changed from dark brown to brilliant yellow, the mixture was filtered and washed with diluted HCl aqueous (1/10 v/v) three times to remove metal ions, and then washed with distilled water repeatedly until the pH became 7.
Finally, the as-prepared GO was obtained after drying in a vacuum oven at room temperature.2.2. One-Step Microwave-Assisted Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries Growth of Ni Nanospheres on rGO SheetsNext, 0.058 g of Ni(NO3)2?6H2O and 10 mg of the as-prepared GO were dissolved in 40 mL of EG with the assistance Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries of ultrasonication for 1 h. Subsequently, the mixture was transferred to an oil bath under vigorous stirring, and then 2 mL of hydrazine monohydrate (N2H4?H2O, 85%) was slowly added and the solution was placed in a microwave refluxing system irradiated Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries at 300 W for 20 min. Finally, the as-prepared products were collected and thoroughly rinsed several times with distilled water and ethanol and then dried at 60 ��C for 12 h.
2.3. CharacterizationPowder X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements of the samples were performed with a Philips PW3040/60 X-ray diffractometer using CuK�� radiation at a scanning rate of 0.06��s?1. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were recorded Anacetrapib on a Nicolet NEXUS670 FT-IR spectrometer using KBr pellets. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed with a Hitachi S-4800 scanning electron microanalyzer with an accelerating voltage of 15 kV. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution TEM were conducted at 200 kV with a JEM-2100F field emission TEM, after dispersing the Ni-rGO nanohybrids in ethanol and depositing several drops of the suspension on the carbon coated copper grids and dried under ambient conditions.2.4.
Electrochemical MeasurementsAll electrochemical measurements were conducted using a CHI840C electrochemical workstation with conventional three-electrode setup at room temperature. A Ni-rGO hybrids modified GCEs was employed as working electrode, a saturated Hg/Hg2Cl2 electrode (SCE) as reference electrode and platinum wire as counter electrode. The supporting electrolyte is 0.1 M NaOH sellckchem containing 0.1 M KCl, and deionized water was used throughout the experiments.

The mediatorless biosensors are advantageous over the mediator-based biosensors because of the simplicity in their application and modelling. The biosensors with the direct electron transfer have higher selectivity and are less prone to the interfering reactions [11�C13]. One of the main obstacles in the development of the mediatorless biosensors is that only Tubacin microtubule few enzymes can support the direct electron transfer [14].Since the discovery of carbon nanotubes [15] they have been used in various applications. Due to their unique structural and electric properties, carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been used to build highly sensitive biosensors [16�C18]. Recently, an innovative approach in the design of biosensors with the CNT mesh deposited on the polycarbonate perforated membrane has been proposed [19], and a novel family of mediated biosensors acceptable for detection of wide range of carbohydrates have been designed [20].
The use of CNTs opens an opportunity for the direct electron transfer between the enzyme and the electrode [21]. The application of glucose dehydrogenase and CNTs permitted to build mediator free glucose biosensor [21].The development and optimization Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries of new biosensors require a high number of experiments. Mathematical modelling is rather often used in order to decrease the number of physical experiments by replacing them with mathematical simulations [22,23]. Starting from 1970s, mathematical modelling has been proved as an effective tool to study and optimize analytical characteristics of actual biosensors [24�C26].
A comprehensive review on modelling of the amperometric biosensors has been presented by Schulmeister Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries [27] and more recently by Baronas et al. [28].A CNT-based biosensor was mathematically modelled by Lyons [29,30]. The one-dimensional-in-space boundary value problem describing the transport and the kinetics of the substrate and the mediator in the two compartment domain was solved analytically, assuming steady state conditions. Practical biosensors are usually built covering them with outer porous or perforated membranes [3,6,19]. The mathematical model for the mediated biosensor with the CNT electrode deposited on the perforated membrane was proposed recently [31].This paper presents a mathematical model of the mediatorless amperometric biosensor based on the enzyme-loaded CNT electrode deposited on the outer perforated membrane.
The proposed model describes the unmediated operation of the biosensor having the geometrical structure similar to that Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries of the already modelled Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries mediated biosensor [19,31]. The model is based on nonlinear non-stationary reaction-diffusion AV-951 equations. The new model is described in a one-dimensional-in-space selleck bio domain and comprises four layers (compartments): a layer of enzyme solution entrapped on a terylene membrane, a layer of the single walled carbon nanotubes, a perforated membrane and an outer diffusion layer.

In contrast, optical sensors based on the electro-optic effect have been widely studied [15,16]. The electro-optic effect refers to the alterations in the optical properties of a medium caused by an imposed E-field, which varies slowly compared with the optical frequency. Optical sensors can be classified into several types according to selleck catalog their specific optical properties.(1) Based on the Change of Absorption LossIn the electro-absorption effect, the absorption coefficient of an optical medium is altered by the E-field such that the optical intensity could be modulated by the E-field [17]. An E-field sensor based on the electro-absorption modulator was developed by Heinzelmann et al. with a minimum detectable field of 0.1 V/m and a bandwidth of 6 GHz [18].
This sensor is an active type and is unsuitable Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries for intense E-field measurement.In the electro-chromatic effect, a certain absorption band is generated by an E-field, resulting in a color change of the optical medium [19]. Based on this effect, a fiber E-field sensor was developed by F. Valdivielso et al., in which a single mode fiber was tapered and surrounded by an electro-chromic polymer solution [20]. The response time of this sensor is ~100 s, which is suitable only for extremely low-frequency field measurement.(2) Based on the Change of Refractive IndexThe Kerr effect, also known as the quadratic electro-optic effect, refers to changes in the medium refractive index that are proportional to the square of the electric field strength [3]. The Kerr effect exists in any medium with a symmetrical structure.
The electro-optic coefficient is small (10?16 to 10?14 m/V2), and therefore, sensors based on the Kerr effect have a low Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries sensitivity and are typically used in the study of E-field distributions in transformer oil [21,22].The Pockels effect, also known as the linear electro-optic effect, refers to changes in the medium refractive Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries index that are proportional to the electric field strength [3]. A sensor based on the Pockels effect has several advantages: it is a passive device that does not need bias voltage and Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries is based on a dielectric material, thus creating little interference to the original field. The modulation of the optical signal produces a wide frequency bandwidth and a fast response. The transmission of optical signals using a fiber can generate electromagnetic immunity and electrical isolation.
Optical sensors based on the Pockels effect have been widely studied, and this technical area could be further classified according to whether the sensors are based on bulk optics or integrated optics.A bulk optic sensor is a common path interferometer based on the birefringence AV-951 of Veliparib cost electro-optic materials and is also known as a Pockels Cell [3]. Since the 1970s, several electric corporations have applied the Pockels Cell to voltage measurement [23,24]. Additionally, the Pockels Cell is also used to detect E-fields [25].

roven to be anti apoptotic in a model for hypoxic preconditioning, on the other hand it can be pro apoptotic if it is lowered beyond levels of mild hypoxia. In our study, the anti apoptotic effect of hypoxia was also indicated by the expression U0126 price of the anti apoptotic protein bcl 2. The wes tern blot of bcl 2 revealed an increase between Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries day one and two of differentiation, followed by a stable expres sion level. Shingo et al. showed an increase of neurons induced by hypoxia. This enhancing effect was mimicked by EPO, as it promoted the pro duction of neuronal progenitors. This is contrary to our results, as EPO could not manipulate the neuronal producing effect of hypoxia, but did mimic other effects of hypoxia, like the anti apoptotic effect during differen tiation.

The percentage of cells rescued by EPO at 20% oxygen was not significantly different from the amount of cells rescued by hypoxia proving that EPO has Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries the potential to imitate hypoxic effects under normoxia. Contrary to Studer et al. and Shingo et al. EPO did not completely mimick the actions of hypoxia in our study. In this study, a human fetal cell line was used whereas Studer et al. and Shingo et al. used mouse embryonic stem cells. This leads to the con clusion that either the point in time or the origin can account for the observed differences. In addition, the application of human recombinant EPO to murine cells might lead to different results than in the human system. And finally, the oxygen concentration can also influence the out come as shown by Zhang et al. and Horie et al.

Both tested varying oxygen concentrations ranging from 0% to 10% and found 2% to 3% oxygen to be most effective. For translational and clinical research our findings are important because we provide further evidence of increased neurogenesis in hypoxic scenarios. The cell survival and ideal environmental oxygen after engraft ment of hNSC remain yet unclear and our data supports the Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries thesis that a hypoxic environment, as seen in stroke or other neurodegenerative diseases, are beneficial for engrafted hNSC. Furthermore we were able to provide evidence that hypoxia could induce neurogenesis during proliferation and differentiation, thus the engrafted cells would not have to be used at a certain point in time during the cell cycle and therefore making the engraft ment process easier.

Researchers have tried to profit from EPO as a neuroprotective agent in patients with Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries stroke but it remains unclear how EPO acted neuroprotective. There are three main theories of EPO action in the human brain. The first presumes a better oxygenation of the brain through an elevation of red blood cells after EPO application, the second assumes EPO effects on astrocytes and blood vessels and indir ectly affecting neurons and the third theory actually pro poses a neuroprotective effect of EPO. We provide supporting evidence for the last theory, which encourages the Anacetrapib use of EPO in stroke. As EPO mainly acts in hematopoiesis EPZ-5676 clinical trial and can thu