Seed meal is a protein-rich by-product of vegetable oil extraction, which can either be used as an organic fertilizer, or converted to animal feed. However, conversion

off. curcas seed meal into animal feed is complicated by the presence of toxins, though plants producing “”edible”" or “”non-toxic”" seeds occur in Mexico. Toxins present in the seeds of J. curcas include phorbol esters and a type-I ribosome inactivating protein www.selleckchem.com/products/poziotinib-hm781-36b.html (curcin). Although the edible seeds off. curcas are known to lack phorbol esters, the curcin content of these seeds has not previously been studied. We analyzed the phorbol ester and curcin content of J. curcas seeds obtained from Mexico and Madagascar, and conclude that while phorbol esters are lacking in edible seeds, both types contain curcin. We also analyzed spatial distribution of these toxins in seeds. Phorbol-esters were most concentrated in the tegmen. Curcin was found in both the endosperm and tegmen. We conclude that seed toxicity in J. curcas is likely to be due

to a monogenic trait, which may be under maternal control. We also conducted AFLP analysis and conclude that genetic diversity is very limited in the Madagascan collection compared to the Mexican collection. (C) 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“Spin transfer torque-based Ralimetinib inhibitor magnetic random access memory with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) provides better scalability and lower power consumption compared to those with in-plane anisotropy. Spin transfer torque switching in magnetoresistive

spin valves with PMA is investigated. The hard layer is made of (Co/Pd) multilayer, whereas the soft layer is a lamination of (CoFe/Pd) and (Co/Pd). By the insertion of an in-plane spin polarizer adjacent to the perpendicular anisotropy free layer, thus creating a modified-dual spin valve, a significant reduction of about 40% in the current density required for spin torque transfer switching was observed. By using a spin polarized current with different pulse widths down to 10 ns, the barrier energy E(B) in 100-nm-diameter devices was found to be reduced from 1.1 to 0.43 eV. Besides the reduction of switching current density in a device with PMA, the new SCH 900776 structure shows a clear increase in magnetization switching speed as revealed by micromagnetic simulation. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3540361]“
“Protease inhibitors from plants have been involved in defence mechanisms against pests and pathogens. Phytocystatins and trypsin/alpha-amylase inhibitors are two of the best characterized protease inhibitor families in plants. In barley, thirteen cystatins (HvCPI-1 to 13) and the BTI-CMe trypsin inhibitor have been previously studied. Their capacity to inhibit pest digestive proteases, and the negative in vivo effect caused by plants expressing these inhibitors on pests support the defence function of these proteins. Barley cystatins are also able to inhibit in vitro fungal growth.

A retrospective chart review of patients with cutaneous melanoma who were treated over a 10-year period was carried out. Lateral distribution of melanoma on either side of the body was compared using chi(2) analysis and evaluated by gender, age group, anatomic location, histologic subtype and Breslow depth.

More melanomas occurred on the left side (57%, P = 0.015), and this finding was particularly significant in females. For both genders combined, there were no statistically significant differences in laterality by age group, anatomic location, type of melanoma and Breslow depth. There were significantly more superficial spreading melanomas

on the left side in both men and women.

This study demonstrates a predominance of left-sided melanomas in Irish patients. While a number of demographic

and molecular associations have been proposed, GSK461364 datasheet further research www.selleckchem.com/products/gw2580.html is required to fully explain this phenomenon.”
“BACKGROUND:

Human ‘new pressor protein’ (NPP), related to coagulation beta-factor XIIa (beta-FXIIa), potently releases sympathoadrenal catecholamines in bioassay rats, with concurrent elevation of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP) and heart rate (HR). Elevated plasma NPP/beta-FXIIa levels in hypertensive anephric pediatric patients on hemodialysis associated with fluid status and blood pressure changes were previously reported, suggesting that NPP/beta-FXIIa contributed to their hypertension.OBJECTIVE:

To investigate the mechanism of action of NPP/beta-FXIIa.METHODS:

Hemodynamic and sympathoadrenal responses to NPP GSK3235025 in vitro (20 mu L plasma equivalent/rat) or coagulation beta-FXIIa (300 ng/kg intravenously) were measured in rats treated with pentolinium (ganglion blockade [+GB]) and/or captopril (+CAP; angiotensin converting

enzyme [ACE] inhibition).RESULTS:

In controls not receiving GB or CAP (-GB-CAP), NPP/beta-FXIIa raised plasma epinephrine (E) sixfold, SBP/DBP by 14/8 mmHg and HR by 15 beats/min. With blockade of the cholinergic pathway to the sympathoadrenal system (+GB), basal E, norepinephrine (NE), SBP, DBP and HR all dropped. However NPP/beta-FXIIa remained capable of raising E 20-fold, NE fourfold, SBP/DBP by 27/11 mmHg and HR by 20 beats/min, suggesting that it acted through a ‘noncholinergic’ mechanism. With +CAP alone, NPP/beta-FXIIa raised plasma E 18-fold, NE threefold, SBP/DBP by 29/8 mmHg and HR by 73 beats/min, implicating an ACE-regulated ‘peptidergic’ mechanism. Combining +GB with +CAP potentiated NPP/beta-FXIIa actions further by raising E 50-fold, NE sevenfold, SBP/DBP by 55/20 mmHg and HR by 87 beats/min, strengthening the efficacy of this alternate pathway.CONCLUSIONS:

The cardiovascular effects of NPP/beta-FXIIa are considerably mediated by a noncholinergic (peptidergic) ACE-regulated mechanism for sympathoadrenal catecholamine release that is enhanced by +GB and/or +CAP.

In the patient satisfaction survey, 31 of the 39 patients answered “”some-what satisfied”" selleck chemicals llc or “”very satisfied.”"

Conclusions: Before the correction of

asymmetric nostrils that developed after primary rhinoplasty, the cause of the asymmetry should be analyzed and appropriate procedures should be selected. Three-dimensional total alar cartilage dissection and reposition are both useful methods for the correction of alar cartilage asymmetry.”
“During pulsed laser irradiation of dental enamel, laser-induced photoemissions result from the laser-tissue interaction through mechanisms including fluorescence and plasma formation. Fluorescence induced by non-ablative laser light interaction has been used in tissue diagnosis, but the photoemission signal accompanying higher power ablative processes LY3023414 in vitro may also be used to provide real-time monitoring of the laser-tissue interaction. The spectral characteristics of the photoemission signals from normal and

carious tooth enamel induced by two different pulsed lasers were examined. The radiation sources compared were a high-power extra-long Q-switched Nd:YAG laser operating at a wavelength of 1,066 nm giving pulses (with pulse durations in the range 200-250 mu s) in the near infrared and a free-running Er3+-doped ZBLAN fibre laser operating at a wavelength near 3 mu m with similar pulse durations in the mid-infrared region. The photoemission spectra LY333531 hydrochloride produced during pulsed laser irradiation of enamel samples were recorded using a high-resolution spectrometer with a CCD array detector that enabled an optical resolution as high as 0.02 nm (FWHM). The spectral and time-dependence of the laser-induced photoemission due to thermal emission and plasma formation were detected during pulsed laser irradiation of hard tissues and were used to distinguish between normal and carious teeth. The use of these effects to distinguish between hard and soft biological tissues during photothermal ablation with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser or an Er fibre laser appears feasible. The real-time spectrally resolved phototransmission spectrum produced during pulsed

Nd:YAG laser irradiation of human tooth enamel samples was recorded, with a (normalized) relative transmission coefficient of 1 (100%) for normal teeth and 0.6 (60%) for the carious teeth. The photoemission signal accompanying ablative events may also be used to provide real-time monitoring of the laser-tissue interaction.”
“Melanoma is one of the fastest growing cancers worldwide. We need to have tools to identify patients with high risk of melanoma. We carried out a case-control study and tested three methods to develop an individual score of melanoma risk, usable in routine practice. All cases included newly diagnosed invasive cutaneous melanoma of stage I or II (6th American Joint Committee on Cancer) seen in 2007 at the Skin Cancer Unit of Nantes Hospital, France.

Consecutive oxidation simulation with 300 O(2) molecules showed that the diffusion of oxygen atom into the subsurface of clean Si surface can occur during very short time of the present oxidation simulation. The present MD simulation also revealed that the oxidation at

300 K results in more stoichiometric oxide layer than that at 1200 K. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3632968]“
“Ureaformaldehyde (UF) resin microcapsules doped with TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by in situ polymerization, and the properties of the microcapsules, such as the surface morphologies, thermal properties, and chemical elemental composition, were measured by optical microscopy, scanning selleck inhibitor electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and energy-dispersive X-ray NCT-501 spectrometer

analysis. The effects of the presence of ammonium chloride and its concentration and the concentrations of UF resin prepolymer and TiO2 nanoparticles during the reaction and deposition of UF on the microcapsule surface on the properties of the microcapsules were investigated. Enhanced UF resin microcapsules with more stability and mechanical strength could be obtained under the optimal conditions. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012″
“Background: Resident physicians’ beliefs about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) may impact their communication with patients about end-of-life care. We sought to understand how these perceptions and experiences have changed in the past decade because both medical education and American society have focused more on this domain.

Method: We surveyed 2 internal medicine resident cohorts at a large academic medical center in 1995 and 2005. Residents were asked of their beliefs about survival Wnt 抑制剂s 临床试验s after CPR, perceived patient understanding, and regret after attempted resuscitation. Residents in 2005 reported more numerical

experience with CPR. Current internal medicine residents are more optimistic than the 1995 cohort about survival after an inpatient cardiac arrest. They believe that far fewer patients and families understand resuscitation but report less regret about attempting to resuscitate patients.

Conclusions: These pilot data reveal potential changes in the attitudes of resident physicians toward CPR. The perceived poor understanding among decision makers calls into question the standard of informed consent. Despite this, residents report less regret leading one to ask what factors may underlie this response. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“During meiotic prophase homologous chromosomes find each other and pair. Then they synapse, as the linear protein core (axial element or lateral element) of each homologous chromosome is joined together by a transverse central element, forming the tripartite synaptonemal complex (SC).

Summary of Background Data. Total number of abstracts identified and reviewed was 187. Full review was performed on 18 articles.

Methods. The MEDLINE database was queried using the search terms IOM, spinal surgery, SSEP, wake-up test, MEP, spontaneous and triggered electromyography alone and in various combinations. Abstracts were identified and reviewed. Individual case reports were excluded. Detailed information and data from appropriate articles were assessed and compiled.

Results. Ability to achieve IOM baseline data varied

from 70% to 98% for somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEP) and 66% to 100% for motor-evoked potentials (MEP) in absence of neural axis abnormality. Multimodality learn more intraoperative neuromonitoring (MIOM) provided false negatives in 0% to 0.79% of cases, whereas isolated SSEP monitoring alone provided false negative in 0.063% to 2.7% of cases. MIOM provided false positive warning in 0.6% to 1.38% of cases.

Conclusion. As spine surgery, and patient comorbidity, becomes increasingly complex, IOM permits more aggressive deformity correction and tumor resection. Combination selleck of SSEP and MEP monitoring provides assessment of entire spinal cord functionality in real time. Spontaneous

and triggered electromyography add assessment of nerve roots. The wake-up test can continue to serve as a supplement when needed. MIOM may prove useful in preservation of neurologic

function where an alteration of approach is possible. IOM is a valuable tool for optimization of outcome AR-13324 in complex spinal surgery.”
“What an adventure! Dale Shippam, who underwent a heart transplant 11 years ago, stood at The North Pole after an exhausting exhilirating epic journey. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011;30:237-40 (C) 2011 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. All rights reserved.”
“The incidence of multiple pregnancies is increasing with the availability of assisted reproductive techniques. Preterm labor and preterm rupture of membranes are major complications in such pregnancies. Preterm delivery of the first fetus is often followed by delivery of the remaining fetuses. However, conservative management in such circumstances might allow for fetal lung maturity in the remaining fetuses.

We present a case of conservative management of an in vitro-fertilized triplet pregnancy with early loss of the leading triplet. A 33-year-old woman in the 21st week of a triplet pregnancy delivered her one of the fetuses, 4 days after the preterm rupture of membranes. To save the surviving fetuses, ligation of the umbilical cord at the cervical level was performed. Patient received antibiotics, tocolytics and corticosteroids after then.

Cleansing with povidone-iodine may be a cost-effective and equally efficacious alternative to chlorhexidine-alcohol among women undergoing cesarean deliveries. (Obstet Gynecol 2012; 120: 1037-44) DOI: http://10.1097/AOG.0b013e31826f3bd9″
“Class I polyhydroxyalkanoic acid (PHA) synthase gene

(phaC) of Ralstonia eutropha strain B5786 was cloned and characterized. R. Z-IETD-FMK chemical structure eutropha B5786 features the ability to synthesize multicomponent PHAs with short- and medium-chain-length monomers from simple carbohydrate substrate. A correlation was made between the molecular structure of PHA synthase and substrate specificity and the ability of strain-producers to accumulate PHAs of this or that structure. A strong similarity of PHA synthase of R. eutropha strain B5786 with PHA synthase of R. eutropha strain H16, which, as opposed to strain B5786, enables to incorporate medium chain length PHAs if hexanoate is used as carbon source, exhibited 99%. A correlation between the structure of PHA synthase of B5786 strain with synthases of microorganisms which synthesize short and medium chain length PHAs similarly to B5786 strain, showed an identity level from 26 to 41% (homology with synthase of Rhodospirillum

rubrum makes 41%, Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii makes 26%, Aeromonas punctata makes 40%, Thiococcus pfennigii makes 28%, Rhodococcus ruber makes 38%, and with PhaCl and PhaC2 synthases of Pseudomonas sp. 61-3 makes 34 and 37%, respectively). This allows for speaking CA3 supplier about the absence of a direct connection between the molecular organization of PHA synthases and their functional abilities, namely, the ability to synthesize PHAs of a particular composition.”
“OBJECTIVE:

To determine whether prophylactic antibiotic administration in women presenting with premature rupture of membranes (PROM) at term can alter the rates of maternal and neonatal infections.

METHODS: SRT1720 concentration In a randomized, controlled, nonblinded trial, women at low risk with singleton term pregnancies presenting with PROM were assigned to either antibiotic administration or no treatment. Main outcomes evaluated were rates of maternal infection (chorioamnionitis and endometritis) and neonatal infection.

RESULTS: A total of 161 patients were evaluated, 78 in the antibiotic group and 83 in the control group. Maternal infection was significantly lower when antibiotics were administered (2.6% compared with 13.2%; relative risk 0.89, 95% confidence interval 0.81-0.98; P=.013). All cases of maternal infection occurred in women with more than 12 hours of PROM. Newborns of mothers receiving antibiotics had fewer infections (3.8%) compared with those in the control group (6.0%), but the difference was not statistically significant (P=.375).

CONCLUSION: Prophylactic use of antibiotics in PROM at term significantly reduced the risk of maternal infection in our population.

We characterized the amplitude-dependent SPL of three commercial dextran-iron oxide nanoparticle suspensions through saturation to 94 kA/m with a calorimeter comprising a solenoid coil that generates a uniform field to 100 kA/m at similar to 150 kHz. We also describe a novel method to empirically determine the appropriate range of the heating curve from which the SPL is then calculated. These results agree with SPL values calculated from the phenomenological Box-Lucas equation. We note that the amplitude-dependent SPL among the samples was markedly different, indicating

ACP-196 significant magneto-structural variation not anticipated by current models. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3597820]“
“Background: Safe and effective Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccines are needed to protect populations living in or visiting endemic areas. A live-attenuated JE-chimeric virus vaccine (JE-CV) has been developed with a single-dose regimen.

Methods: In

an open-label, crossover study, 100 children aged 2 to 5 years with a history of 2-dose primary vaccination with mouse-brain derived inactivated JE Entinostat supplier vaccine according to the Thai Expanded Program for Immunization schedule, and 200 JE vaccination-naive 12- to 24-month-old toddlers were randomized 1: 1 to receive JE-CV, containing >= 4 log 10 plaque forming units, 1 month before or after hepatitis A control vaccine. Neutralizing antibody titers were assessed using PRNT 50 (titers expressed in inverse of dilution) before and 28 days after JE-CV, and at months 7 and 12.

Results: All 2- to 5-year-olds and 96% of 12- to 24-month-olds were seroprotected (titer >= 10) 28 days after JE-CV administration, and geometric mean titers (GMT) (95% confidence interval) in these age groups were 2634 (1928-3600) and 281 (219-362), respectively. One year later, seroprotection rates in the 2 age groups were 97% and 84% and GMTs were 454

and 62.3, respectively. Vaccine-induced antibodies neutralized a panel of wild-type JE isolates. There were no vaccine-related serious adverse events. Reactogenicity of JE-CV was comparable with that of the inactivated hepatitis A vaccine.

Conclusions: A single administration of JE-CV has a good safety profile and elicits a protective immune response in both IACS-10759 JE-naive toddlers and JE-primed young children.”
“Purpose: To investigate the optimal schemes of prostate biopsy according to prostate volume (PV), age and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) status in Chinese men. Methods: 923 consecutive patients who underwent initial TRUS-guided systematic 12-core prostate biopsy (12PBx) were enrolled in this study. The 12PBx was obtained by overlapping of conventional sextant, lateral base, mid-gland of peripheral zone and apex. Each sample was individually marked and inked before fixation. Patients were divided into 8 subgroups on the basis of independent risk factors investigated using logistic regression model.

(C)

2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 117: 2226-2232, 2010″
“Topographically flat, single crystal silicon supersaturated with the chalcogens S, Se, and Te was prepared by ion implantation followed by pulsed laser melting and rapid solidification. The influences of the number of laser shots on the atomic and carrier concentration-depth profiles were measured with secondary ion mass spectrometry and spreading resistance profiling, respectively. We found good agreement between the atomic concentration-depth profiles obtained from experiments and a one-dimensional model for plane-front melting, solidification, learn more liquid-phase diffusion, with kinetic solute trapping, and surface evaporation. Broadband subband gap absorption is exhibited by all dopants over a wavelength KPT-8602 research buy range from 1 to 2.5 microns. The absorption did not change appreciably with increasing number of laser shots, despite a measurable loss of chalcogen and of electronic carriers after each shot. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3415544]“
“Autumn-seeded

winter cereals acquire tolerance to freezing temperatures and become vernalized by exposure to low temperature (LT). The level of accumulated LT tolerance depends on the cold acclimation rate and factors controlling timing of floral transition at the shoot apical meristem. In this study, genomic loci controlling the floral transition time were mapped in a winter wheat (T. aestivum L.) doubled haploid (DH) mapping population segregating for LT tolerance and rate of phenological development. The final leaf number (FLN), days to FLN, and days to anthesis were determined for 142 DH lines grown with and without vernalization in controlled environments. Analysis of trait data by composite interval mapping (CIM) identified AZD6094 in vitro 11 genomic regions that carried quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the developmental traits studied. CIM analysis showed that the time for floral transition in both vernalized and non-vernalized

plants was controlled by common QTL regions on chromosomes 1B, 2A, 2B, 6A and 7A. A QTL identified on chromosome 4A influenced floral transition time only in vernalized plants. Alleles of the LT-tolerant parent, Norstar, delayed floral transition at all QTLs except at the 2A locus. Some of the QTL alleles delaying floral transition also increased the length of vegetative growth and delayed flowering time. The genes underlying the QTLs identified in this study encode factors involved in regional adaptation of cold hardy winter wheat.”
“Background: The aim of this study was to determine whether the MAC(EI) and MAC(awake) of sevoflurane in infants with obstructive jaundice are different from that observed in nonjaundiced infants.

MethodsInfants scheduled for abdominal surgery were recruited into the study.

Besides being high in MUFA, a Mediterranean diet also contains abundant plant foods, moderate wine and low amounts of meat and dairy products, which may also play a role. We compared the effects of a high MUFA-diet with a diet high in saturated fatty acids (SFA) and the additional effect of a Mediterranean diet on insulin sensitivity and serum lipids.

Methods and results: A randomized parallel controlled-feeding Navitoclax solubility dmso trial was performed, in 60 non-diabetics (40-65 y) with mild abdominal obesity. After a two week run-in diet high in SFA (19

energy-%), subjects were allocated to a high MUFA-diet (20 energy-%), a Mediterranean diet (MUFA 21 energy-%), or the high SFA-diet, for eight weeks. The high MUFA and the Mediterranean diet did not affect fasting insulin concentrations. The high MUFA-diet reduced total cholesterol (-0.41

mmol/L, 95% CI -0.74, -0.09) and LDL-cholesterol (-0.38 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.65, -0.11) compared with the high SEA-diet, but not triglyceride concentrations. The Mediterranean diet increased HDL-cholesterol concentrations (+0.09 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.0, 0.18) and reduced the ratio of total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol (-0.39, 95% CI -0.62, -0.16) compared with the high MUFA-diet.

Conclusion: Replacing a high SEA-diet with a high MUFA CX-5461 selleck kinase 抑制剂 or a Mediterranean diet did not affect insulin sensitivity, but improved serum lipids. The Mediterranean diet was most effective, it reduced total and LDL-cholesterol, and also increased HDL-cholesterol and reduced total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Evaluation of: Toledo-Arana A, Dussurget O, Nikitas G et al.: The Listeria transcriptional

landscape from saprophytism to virulence. Nature 459 (7249), 950-956 (2009). Bacteria adapt to a variety of environmental conditions through changes in gene regulation and gene expression. Listeria, monocytogenes is an environmental bacterium that exists as a saprophyte but is capable of transitioning into a pathogen upon ingestion by a susceptible host. In this report, Toledo-Arana et al. present the complete transcriptome of L. monocytogenes and identify a number of novel RNA regulatory elements that may facilitate bacterial adaptation to diverse environments. Their report illustrates a global coordination of transcriptional responses that takes place as the bacterium transitions from life in broth culture to life inside of an infected host.”
“Interfacial and optical properties of HfTiO films with different Ti concentration grown by radio frequency reactive magnetron sputtering have been investigated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and spectroscopy ellipsometry (SE).

In addition, the miscibility and hydrogen bonding behaviors of ternary hydrogen bond blends of phenolic/phenoxy/PVPh were investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and optical microscopy. According to the DSC analysis, every composition of the ternary blend shows single glass transition temperature (T(g)), indicating that this ternary hydrogen-bonded blend Selleck PFTα is totally miscible. The interassociation equilibrium constant between each binary blend was calculated from the appropriate model compounds. The interassociation equilibrium constant (K(A)) of each individually binary blend is higher than any self-association

equilibrium constant (K(B)), resulting in the hydroxyl group tending to form interassociation hydrogen bond. Photographs of optical microscopy show this ternary blend possess lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phase diagram. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 114: 116-124,2009″
“The wetting reaction

between molten Sn and (011) Cu single crystal was investigated. Based on the electron backscattered diffraction technique, the preferential orientation relationships between the scallop-type Cu6Sn5 grains and (011) Cu single crystals were detected. The strong texture of Cu6Sn5 grains was formed on the normal direction although the Sn/(011) Cu couple was aged at 170 degrees C for 40 days. This indicates that the Cu6Sn5 grains do not desultorily form on the (011) Cu substrate

for these scallop-type this website Cu6Sn5 grains.”
“Objective To determine the effects of various presale radiographic findings for Thoroughbreds sold at a yearling sale on Epoxomicin 2-year-old racing performance of those horses.

Animals-397 Thoroughbreds.

Design Cohort study.

Procedures Thoroughbreds offered for sale at a Thoroughbred sales facility in Kentucky were selected via a randomization procedure. Effects of various presale radiographic findings on the following measures of 2-year-old racing performance were determined: having started a race and having placed (ie, finished in first, second, or third place) in a race at least once, total amount of money earned, and amount of money earned per start.

Results Of the 397 horses, 192 (48%) started in at least 1 race during the 2-year-old racing year. The odds of failure to start a race as a 2-year-old were 1.78 times as great for horses with forelimb proximal sesamoid bone osteophytes or enthesophytes as for horses without this finding (95% confidence interval, 1.01 to 3.16). The odds of failure to start a race as a 2-year-old were 2.02 times as great for horses with hind limb proximal phalanx osteochondral fragments as for horses without this finding (95% confidence interval, 0.95 to 4.31), although this result was not significant.