Additionally, uniform and Cilengitide clinical trial extremely pure Ag NWs capped with PVP and less than 1 nm in thickness were obtained through the IL synthesis. As shown in Figure 4III, the thickness of the PVP capped on the Ag NW surface was less than 1 nm. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern taken

from the sample prepared in TPA indicates that the crystal structures of these nanowires were face-centered cubic (fcc) (Figure 4III). Figure 4III displays the XRD patterns of the nanowires, and it is seen that all diffraction peaks can be indexed according to the fcc phase of Ag. It is worth noting that the intensity ratio of the reflections at [111] and [200] exhibits relatively high values, indicating the preferred [111] orientation of the Ag NWs. The

longitudinal axis was oriented along the [110] direction, and all Ag NW diameters were found to be in the narrow range between 28 and 33 nm, as shown in Figure 4I. Figure 4 TEM images of the Ag NWs grown in this investigation. (I) TEM image of the synthesized Ag NWs. The inset of (I) displays the SAED pattern of the Ag NW with a twinned structure. (II) TEM image of the tip of an individual pentagonal Ag NW capped with a PVP layer less than 1 nm thick. (III) XRD pattern selleck kinase inhibitor of the Ag NWs. In contrast, to observe the optical and electrical performances for transparent electrodes, pure Ag NWs synthesized by the abovementioned method were fabricated in the

form of two-dimensional (2-D) films via a casting process. The synthesized Ag NWs with an average length of 50 μm and an average INK1197 molecular weight diameter of 30 nm (Figure 2) dispersed in H2O can be easily blended with a small amount of binder resins with some surfactant. This blended solution was directly deposited or cast on a plasma-treated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate by a wet process coating technique such as a bar and/or spray coater for film formation (a casting film sample is shown in Figure 5). These 2-D film structures consisting of a network of approximately 30-nm-sized Ag NWs as shown in Figure 5 are expected to be sufficiently transparent, owing to the low intensity of scattered Tryptophan synthase light. As a result, we could obtain highly transparent Ag NW networked films with a sheet resistance of 20 Ω/sq and transmittance of 93% (PET film-based) with a low haze value. The morphologies of the resulting randomly dispersed Ag NW networks were examined by SEM and atomic force microscopy (AFM), as shown in Figure 5I. Untangled extremely uniform and orderly NWs were observed. Figure 5 Optical image of the Ag NW film and SEM and AFM surface morphologies. (I) Optical image of the Ag NW film directly cast from the Ag NW solution and (II) SEM and AFM surface morphologies of the resulting randomly dispersed Ag NW network film.

CrossRefPubMed 38. Castell LM, Newsholme Anlotinib price EA: Glutamine and the effects of exhaustive exercise upon the immune response. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1998, 76:524–532.CrossRefPubMed 39. Favano A, Santos-Silva

PR, Nakano EY, Pedrinelli A, Hernandez AJ, Greve JM: Peptide glutamine supplementation for tolerance of intermittent exercise in soccer players. Clinics 2008, 63:27–32.CrossRefPubMed 40. Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Kang J, Rashti SL, Kelly N, Gonzalez AM, Stec M, Andersen S, Bailey BL, Yamamoto LM, Hom LL, Kupchak BR, Faigenbaum AD, Maresh CM: Examination of the efficacy of acute L-Alanyl-L-Glutamine during Hydration Stress in Endurance Exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2010, 7:8.CrossRefPubMed Competing interests Supplement for this project was purchased through Inbounds Athletics. (Denver, CO). All researchers involved collected, analyzed, and interpreted the results from this study. JRH has a financial interest in Koach, Sport and Nutrition. No other author has financial interests concerning the outcome of this investigation. Publication of these findings should not be viewed as endorsement by the investigators, The College of New Jersey or the editorial board

of the Journal of International Society of Sports Nutrition. Authors’ contributions ALW was the primary investigator, supervised all study recruitment, and data collection. AMG assisted with study this website recruitment and data collection. JK and NAR were co-authors, oversaw all aspects of study including recruitment, data/specimen analysis, and manuscript preparation. JRH was involved with study design, statistical analysis, and manuscript preparation. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Introduction Human exercise capacity declines with advancing age and many individuals lose the inclination to participate in regular physical activity. These changes often result in loss of physical fitness and more rapid senescence. A dietary supplement that increases exercise capacity might preserve physical fitness and improve general health and

well being in older humans. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uses the amino acid L-arginine next as a substrate to synthesize nitric oxide (NO). When released from endothelium cells, NO can dilate arteries to increase blood flow [1], help maintain endothelial elasticity [2], prevent platelets from adhering to artery walls [3], mediate erections through smooth muscle relaxation [4], and increase capacity for exercise [5]. In addition, NO can play an integral part in the immune system [6], assist in memory function [7] and sleep regulation [8]. It should also be noted that in general, youthful, PF-01367338 ic50 healthy and athletic individuals have a healthier eNOS system, compared to sedentary, unhealthy and aging individuals [9].

All E. coli strains carrying the pFVP25.1 plasmid were cultured in LB containing 100 μg/mL ampicillin and seeded to NGM plates containing

100 μg/mL ampicillin as described above. Determination of C. elegans total life span and adult life span To Stattic ic50 determine C. elegans total life span (defined as the number of days from hatching until death), N2, CFC1005 and CFC315 gravid adults were hypochlorite lysed and eggs transferred to NGM plates containing the designated E. coli diet. Two days after hatching coq-3 homozygous mutant worms were Vactosertib concentration selected and transferred to plates containing the designated diet. N2 worms were similarly treated. A total of five or six plates per condition were used (20 worms per plate). Worms were scored for survival and moved to new plates every day for the first six days, then every four days thereafter while selleck chemicals llc scoring for survival every two days. Worms that responded to being gently prodded with a platinum wire by moving or pharyngeal pumping were counted as alive. Worms with internally hatched larvae, an extruded vulva, or that escaped were censored from the total count. One-way ANOVA analyses of life spans were performed with StatView 5.0.1 (SAS, CA) software at a significance level of 0.05. Similar results were attained when data were subjected to Kaplan-Meier Test at a 0.05 significance level. Maximum life span was calculated from the mean of the top 10% longest lived worms, for each condition. To determine C.

elegans adult life span, N2, CFC315 and EU35 heterozygous gravid adults were hypochlorite lysed and eggs placed on NGM plates containing fresh OP50. After reaching the L4 larval stage, N2, coq-3(ok506) –/ – and skn-1(zu169) –/ – L4 larvae were transferred to separate plates containing either OP50 or GD1 E. coli, and the life span determined as described above. Media swap and UV-treatment of GD1:pAHG E. coli GD1:pAHG and GD1:pBSK cells were grown click here as described above. The cells were pelleted, the spent media was removed

and kept on ice, and the GD1:pBSK cells were discarded. An equal volume of GD1:pAHG cells were resuspended in either their own spent media or the spent media of the GD1:pBSK cells. These suspensions were then seeded onto regular NGM plates, allowed to dry at room temperature, and stored at 4°C until use. Half of the plates containing GD1:pAHG cells in GD1:pAHG spent media and half of the plates containing GD1:pAHG cells in GD1:pBSK spent media were UV-irradiated for 10 minutes at 365 nm on high setting with a Fluorchem2 imaging apparatus (Alpha Innotech, CA). N2 hatchlings were fed OP50 until the L4 larval stage, and then transferred to plates containing one of the designated diets: GD1:pAHG E. coli cells suspended in spent media obtained from cultures of either GD1:pAHG or GD1:pBSK; alternatively these two types of diets were first subjected to UV irradiation prior to the transfer of L4 larvae. Adult life span determinations were performed as described above. Preparation of mixed E.

Anesthesiology 22:882–885CrossRefPubMed 10. Gamsu G, Singer MM, Vincent HH, Berry S, Nadel JA (1976) Postoperative impairment of mucous transport in the lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 114:673–679PubMed 11. Scano G, Spinelli A, Duranti R, Gorini M, Gigliotti F, Goti P, Milic-Emili J (1995) Carbon dioxide responsiveness in COPD patients with and without chronic hypercapnia. Eur Respir J 8:78–85CrossRefPubMed

12. Cloosterman SG, Hofland ID, van Schayck CP, Folgering HT (1998) Exertional dyspnoea in patients with airway obstruction, with and without CO2 retention. Thorax 53:768–774CrossRefPubMed 13. Montes de Oca M, Celli BR (1998) Mouth occlusion pressure, CO2 response and hypercapnia in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 12:666–671CrossRefPubMed 14. Smina M, Salam A, Khamiees M, Gada selleck inhibitor P, Amoateng-Adjepong Y, Manthous CA (2003) Cough peak flows and extubation outcomes. Chest 124:262–268CrossRefPubMed 15. Zocche GP, Fritts HW Jr, Cournand A (1960) Fraction

of maximum breathing capacity available for prolonged hyperventilation. J Appl Physiol 15:1073–1074PubMed 16. Melissant CF, Selleckchem Pictilisib Lammers JW, Demedts M (1998) Relationship between external resistances, lung function changes and maximal exercise capacity. Eur Respir J 11:1369–1375CrossRefPubMed 17. Poldermans D, Bax JJ, Boersma E, De Hert S, Eeckhout E, Fowkes G, Gorenek B, Hennerici MG, Iung B, Kelm M, Kjeldsen KP, Kristensen SD, Lopez-Sendon J, Pelosi P, Philippe F, Pierard L, Ponikowski P, Schmid JP, Sellevold OF, Sicari R, Van den Berghe G, Vermassen F, Hoeks SE, Vanhorebeek I (2009) Task force for preoperative cardiac risk A, perioperative cardiac management in non-cardiac surgery ESoC, European society of A. Guidelines for pre-operative cardiac risk assessment and perioperative cardiac management in non-cardiac surgery: the task

force for preoperative cardiac risk assessment and perioperative cardiac management in non-cardiac surgery of the European society of cardiology (ESC) and endorsed by the European society of Selleck Hydroxychloroquine anaesthesiology (ESA). Eur Heart J 30:2769–2812CrossRefPubMed 18. Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, Brown KA, Calkins H, Chaikof EL, Fleischmann KE, Freeman WK, Froehlich JB, Kasper EK, Kersten JR, Riegel B, Robb JF (2009) 2009 ACCF/AHA focused update on perioperative beta blockade incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines on perioperative LY2874455 solubility dmso cardiovascular evaluation and care for noncardiac surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines. Circulation 120:e169–e276CrossRefPubMed 19. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, Roccella EJ (2003) National heart l, blood institute joint national committee on prevention DE, treatment of high blood pressure, national high blood pressure education program coordinating committee.

Cell Death and Differentiation 1997, 4:671–683.CrossRefPubMed 31. Link TI, Voegele RT: Secreted proteins of Uromyces fabae : similarities and stage specificity. Molecular Plant Pathology 2008,9(1):59–66.PubMed 32. Torto-Alalibo TA, Lindeberg M, Collmer A, Tyler BM: Common and contrasting themes in effectors from plant-associated bacteria, fungi, oomycetes and nematodes. BMC Microbiology 2009,9(Suppl 1):S3.CrossRefPubMed 33. Voegele RT:Uromyces fabae : development, metabolism, and interactions with its host Vicia faba. FEMS Microbiology Letters 2006,259(2):165–173.CrossRefPubMed 34. Heath MC: Adriamycin price Signalling between pathogenic

rust fungi and resistant or susceptible host plants. Ann Bot 1997,80(6):713–720.CrossRef 35. Hahn M, Deising H, Struck C, Mendgen K: Fungal morphogenesis and enzyme

secretion AZD3965 solubility dmso during pathogenesis. Resistance of Crop Plants against Fungi (Edited by: Hartleb H, Heitefuss R, Hoppe H-H). Jena: Gustav Fischer 1997, 33–57. 36. Struck C, Siebels C, Rommel O, Wernitz M, Hahn M: The plasma membrane H + -ATPase from the biotrophic rust fungus Uromyces fabae : Molecular characterization of the gene (PMA1) and functional expression of the enzyme in yeast. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 1998,11(6):458–465.CrossRefPubMed 37. Hahn M, Neef U, Struck C, Gottfert M, Mendgen K: A putative amino acid transporter is specifically expressed in haustoria of the rust fungus Uromyces fabae. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 1997,10(4):438–445.CrossRefPubMed 38. Coffey MD, Gees R: The cytology of development. Advances in Plant Pathology 1991, 7:31–52. 39. Enkerli K, Hahn MG, Mims CW: Immunogold localization of callose and other plant cell wall components in soybean roots infected with the oomycete Phytophthora sojae. Canadian Journal of Botany 1997,75(9):1509–1517.CrossRef 40. Bucher M: Functional biology of plant phosphate uptake at root and mycorrhiza interfaces. New Phytologist 2007,173(1):11–26.CrossRefPubMed 41. Remy W, Taylor TN, Hass H, Kerp H: Four hundred-million-year-old vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae. Proceedings Guanylate cyclase 2C of the National Academy of Sciences

of the United States of America 1994,91(25):11841–11843.CrossRefPubMed 42. Allen MF: The Ecology of Mycorrhizae. New York: Cambridge University Press 1991. 43. Balestrini R, Lanfranco L: Fungal and plant gene expression in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Mycorrhiza 2006,16(8):509–524.CrossRefPubMed 44. Maldonado-Mendoza IE, Dewbre GR, Harrison MJ: A phosphate transporter gene from the extra-radical mycelium of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus Selleckchem Emricasan intraradices is regulated in response to phosphate in the environment. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 2001,14(10):1140–1148.CrossRefPubMed 45. Bucking H, Shachar-Hill Y: Phosphate uptake, transport and transfer by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices is stimulated by increased carbohydrate availability. New Phytologist 2005,165(3):899–912.

Fig. 3 a The Mn K-edge spectra of spinach PS II (BBY), from the S0 through S3 states (top) and their second derivative spectra (bottom). The magnitude of the inflection point energy shift for the S0 to S1 (2.1 eV) and S1 and S2 (1.1 eV) is much larger than the shift for the S2 to S3 transition (0.3 eV). The inset shows the pre-edge (1s to 3d transition) from the S-states is enlarged and shown above the Mn K-edge spectra.

b The Fourier transform (FT) from a PS II sample in the S1 state. The three FT Peak I corresponds to Mn-bridging and terminal ligand (N/O) distances at 1.8–2.0 Å, Peak II is from Mn–Mn distances (2 at ~2.7 and 1 at ~2.8 Å), and FT Peak III is from Mn–Mn distance at ~3.3 Å and Mn–Ca distances learn more at ~3.4 Å The EXAFS is interpretable as shells at 1.8 and 2.0 Å (Peak I) attributable to N or O atoms and a shell at ~2.7–2.8 Å (Peak II) from Mn to Mn interactions. An additional shell from Mn was seen at 3.3 Å (Peak III; Fig. 3).

The Mn EXAFS spectra changes upon the S-state transitions, particularly from the S2 to S3 state transition, suggesting that the OEC goes through structural changes triggered by the oxidation state changes and protonation/deprotonation events. Co-factor XAS The S-state catalytic cycle can be studied also by co-factor XAS studies (Cinco et al. 2002). One Ca is known Barasertib to be a part of the OEC, and this has been proven by Ca XAS studies and from X-ray crystallography using Morin Hydrate the anomalous diffraction technique. Regarding Cl, there is no spectroscopic evidence at least in the S1 state that the Cl is a direct ligand to the OEC, although several biochemical studies suggest a critical role for one tightly bound Cl in maintaining oxygen-evolving activity. In general, the requirements of X-ray spectroscopy place some restrictions with respect to sample preparation and experimental

conditions. Ca and Cl in some sense fall into this category. The investigation of light elements can present difficulties due to the presence of an aqueous medium and the pervasive occurrence of C, N, and O in biological materials. In X-ray energy regions, where atmospheric gases absorb, samples must be placed in an atmosphere of helium or in vacuum. For elements like Ca and Cl, which can occur in a wide variety of environments in biological materials, it is particularly challenging to remove sources of background signals that greatly complicate interpreting the results. Another strategy to study the role of such light element co-factor(s) is to replace it with MM-102 heavier element(s). Ca can be replaced chemically or biosynthetically with Sr without losing its enzymatic activity. Similarly, Cl can be substituted with Br. XAS measurements at the Sr K-edge (16,200 eV; Cinco et al. 1998; Pushkar et al. 2008) or Br K-edge (13,600 eV; Haumann et al.

3); South Tarawa, Kiribati (DLF 1995); Alofi, Niue (DLF 1995) The island typology can provide a template (checklist) of potential hazards and the nature of potential impacts, but our review has highlighted the critical importance of local place-based

analysis of the coastal biophysical and social-ecological systems. Understanding shoreline stability GSK1120212 price on atoll Capmatinib cell line islands and projecting long-term land availability under various climate-change scenarios requires detailed data on coastal morphology, including high-resolution digital elevation models, and on the processes that drive coastal change. In this context, Woodroffe (2008) pointed to a number of specific knowledge requirements. He noted the need to watch for thresholds

that might lead to major transformations in the nature and stability of reef and shore systems. Webb and Kench (2010), reporting an analysis of multi-decadal island shoreline change, concluded that “island nations must Hippo pathway inhibitor place a high priority on resolving the precise styles and rates of change that will occur over the next century and reconsider the implications for adaptation”. In another context, evaluating the stability and size of potential tsunami-generating landslide blocks on heavily forested volcanic island slopes in Dominica, Teeuw et al. (2009) identified mapping with suitable tools as a prime requirement. Other critical data needs have also emerged from this study. It is evident that

measurements of vertical crustal motion are a prerequisite for robust projections of future sea levels at any specific island site (Fig. 11). 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase Long-term water level records from tide gauges are equally important, even when complemented by satellite altimetry (Davis et al. 2012). Yet the network of GNSS stations on islands worldwide is extremely sparse and the number of co-located GNSS and tide gauges is even smaller. Even where data are available, as at many of the 18 sites used for SLR projections in this study (Fig. 1), continuity is a challenge and very few islands are represented in the active network of the International GNSS Service (http://​www.​igs.​org/​network/​netindex.​html). Conclusions Realistic physical hazard and impact projections are a prerequisite for effective adaptation planning. The hazard mix and severity may vary with island type and regional setting. There is a need for monitoring of evolving physical exposure to provide objective data on island responses and early warning of changing risk. Reef islands may be resilient under rising sea level, at least at rates experienced during the twentieth century, maintaining island area but not necessarily fixed shoreline positions. The latter has implications for land ownership, property boundaries, and shorefront infrastructure. Coastal stability requires maintenance of healthy coastal ecosystems, particularly in tropical regions where organisms produce sand.

Results The PD0332991 concentration Adjusted TRISS misclassification rate: (b+c – Pd)/N), respectively (FP+FN – Pd)/N, respectively (Us + Ud – Pd)/N. If b = FP = 0 (no unexpected survivors) than: (c-Pd)/N) = (FN-Pd)/N, respectively:nonPd/N. Adjusted w-statistic: (b – Pd)/N, or (FP-Pd)/N, respectively [(Os-Es) +nonPd]/N. If nonPd > 0 then also the final result of adjusted w-statistic appears improved (less negative, zero or positive) than w- statistic. This adjustment creates a more correct value which is closer to the

true quality level of trauma care in those institutions where the evaluation with this method is taking place. When b = FP = O (no find more unexpected survivors) than the adjusted

w-statistic represents the negative this website value of preventable deaths: (-Pd/N) (Table 1). Examples: 1. In ideal case the misclassification rate and the w-statistic should have zero value (O): a = 30, b = 0, c = 0, d = 70, Misclassification rate(b+c)/N = (0+0)/100 = 0%; w-statistic = (b-c)/N = = (0-0)/100 = 0%. Trauma care is excellent compared to standard, and method perfectly predicts who will survive and who will die. 2. Commonly in developing countries we may find such situation: a = 30, b = 0, c = 15, d = 55 Misclassification rate = (b+ c)/N = (0+15)/100 Vitamin B12 = 15% (misclassification rate is so high: is method weak?) and w-stat = (b-c)/N = (0–15)/100 = -15% (deeply negative: is inappropriate trauma care ?) a) If all unexpected deaths are preventable deaths (FN = c = c1 = Pd) than: Adjusted misclassification rate = (b+c-Pd)/N = (0 +15-15)/100 = 0%! Adjusted w-stat = b – Pd = (0 –15)/100 = – 15%

remains the same. The method is perfectly predicting outcome, but the trauma care is insufficient. The mirror is not to blame for the face reflection! b) If all unexpected deaths are no preventable trauma deaths (FN = c = c2= nonPd; Pd = 0) than: Adjusted misclassification rate: (b+c-Pd)/N = 0+15-0)/100 = 15% and Adjusted w- stat = b- Pd = (0 – 0)/100= 0%! So, the trauma care is as good as the standard but the method is wrong: its mirror’s fault for the face reflection! 3. Analyzing trauma outcome in 2002 in our hospital we found that from 163 major traumas actually 90 have survived, 73 have died, while by TRISS method 124 have been expected to survive, and 39 to die. All expected to die already have died (Table 2). So: a = 39, b = 0, c = 34, d = 90.

MIRU-VNTR are present in diverse metabolic or regulatory systems, as part of synthesis or degradation of lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, energy production, or signal

transduction [18]. For our part, Semaxanib clinical trial because we did not have access to the genome of M. intracellulare other than in contig format, we were not able to measure the location of the MIRU-VNTR in inter- or intragenic regions. In this study, we did not have evidence of a particular distribution of MIRU-VNTR polymorphism according to clinical situation. To date, publications on the virulence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria are preliminary. Genotyping using the MIRU-VNTR technique could offer the opportunity for better classification of strains, and could be used for to research on virulence mechanisms in non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Conclusions This study allowed us to describe selleck products seven MIRU-VNTR markers, applicable in the typing of M. intracellulare.

The loci in this MIRU-VNTR assay were highly discriminating check details and stable over time. MIRU-VNTR typing could be used for molecular epidemiological studies of M. intracellulare strains. Furthermore, data obtained by MLVA could be shared in a web database for M. intracellulare, as has already been done for other bacterial species. Acknowledgements This research was supported by internal funding. The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. The authors would like to thank Geneviève Raud for the technical assistance. References 1. Griffith DE, Aksamit T, Brown-Elliott BA, et al.: An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007, 175:367–416.PubMedCrossRef 2. Dailloux M,

Abalain ML, Laurain C, Lebrun L, Loos-Ayav C, Lozniewski A, Maugein J, French Mycobacteria Study Group: Respiratory infections associated with nontuberculous mycobacteria in non-HIV patients. Eur Respir Bay 11-7085 J 2006, 28:1211–5.PubMedCrossRef 3. Han XY, Tarrand JJ, Infante R, Jacobson KL, Truong M: Clinical significance and epidemiologic analyses of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare among patients without AIDS. J Clin Microbiol 2005, 43:4407–12.PubMedCrossRef 4. Field SK, Fisher D, Cowie RL: Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease in patients without HIV infection. Chest 2004, 126:566–81.PubMedCrossRef 5. Picardeau M, Vincent V: Typing of Mycobacterium avium isolates by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1996, 34:389–392.PubMed 6. Bull TJ, Sidi-Boumedine K, McMinn EJ, Stevenson K, Pickup R, Hermon-Taylor J: Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU) differentiate Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from other species of the Mycobacterium avium complex . Mol Cell Probes 2003, 17:157–64.PubMedCrossRef 7. Thibault VC, Grayon M, Boschiroli ML, et al.

5 95 9.5 95 26 1050 8 8 100 8 100 27 1090 9 17 53 13.5 67 28 1090 10 12.3 82 10 100 29 1200 4 4 100 4 100 30 1200 6 6 100 6 100 31 1220 5 5.5 91 5 100 32 1250 4 4.5 89 4 100 33 1250 6 8 75 6 100 34 1400 6 6 100 6 100 35 1400 7 9 78 7.5 93 36 1430 7 7 100 7 100 37 1450 5 5 100 5 100 38 1450 6 6.5 92 6.5 92 39 1470 5 5.5 91 5.5 91 40 1480 6 6 100 6 100 41 1800 5 5 100 5 100 42 1820 5 5 100 5 100 43 1880 1 1 100 1 100 44 1880 4 4 100 6 67 45 2170 4 4 100 4.5 89 SIS3 order 46 2170 3 3.5 86 3 100 47 2380 2 2.5 80 2.5 80 48 2380 2 2 100 2 100 49 2420 1 1 100 1 100 50 2420 1 1 100 1 100 On average 95% (Chao 1: 93%, Chao 2: 96%) of estimated species richness was found in the plots References Appanah S, Nor SM (1991)

Natural regeneration and its implications for forest management in the dipterocarp forests of Peninsular Malaysia. In: Gómez-Pompa A, Whitmore TC, Hadley M (eds) Rain forest regeneration and management. Man and biosphere series No. 6. UNESCO, Paris, pp 361–369 Appanah S, Gentry AH, LaFrankie JV (1993) Liana diversity and species richness of Malaysian rain forests. J Trop For Sci 6:116–123 Bach K, Kessler M, Gradstein SR (2007) A simulation approach to determine MG-132 statistical significance of species turnover peaks in a

species-rich tropical cloud forest. Divers Distrib 13:863–870CrossRef Bachmann S, Baker WJ, Brummitt N et al (2004) Elevational gradients, area and tropical island diversity: an example from the palms of New Guinea. Ecography 27:299–310CrossRef Balfour DA, Bond WJ (1993) Factors limiting climber distribution and abundance in a southern African forest. J Ecol 81:93–100CrossRef Bhattarai KR, Vetaas OR, Grytnes JA (2004) Fern species richness along a central Himalayan elevational gradient, Nepal. J Biogeogr 31:389–CBL-0137 cell line 400CrossRef Bøgh A (1996) Abundance and growth of rattans in Khao Chong National Park, Thailand. For Ecol Manage 84:71–80CrossRef Cannon CH, Summers M, Harting JR et al (2007) Developing conservation priorities based on forest

type, condition, and threats in a poorly known ecoregion: Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biotropica 39:747–759CrossRef Chao A (1987) Estimating the population size for capture-recapture data with unequal catchability. Biometrics 43:783–791PubMedCrossRef Clayton LM, Milner-Gulland EJ, Sarjono AP (2002) Sustainability Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1 of rattan harvesting in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. In: Maunder M, Clubbe C, Hankamer C et al (eds) Plant conservation in the tropics: perspectives and practice. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp 445–466 Condit R, Pitman N, Leigh Jr et al (2002) Beta-diversity in tropical forest trees. Science 295:666–669PubMedCrossRef Culmsee H, Pitopang R (2009) Tree diversity in sub-montane and lower montane primary rain forests in Central Sulawesi. Blumea 54:119–123 Currie DJ, Kerr JT (2008) Tests of the mid-domain hypothesis: a review of the evidence.