Moral and ethical dilemmas have increased among consumers and these concerns have stimulated interest to reexamine the methods used to achieve the shared goals of humane production of safe, affordable animal products for human consumption. This article discusses drug and anesthetic protocols for field surgery of cattle, including nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, opioids, local and regional anesthesia, epidural anesthesia, and electroacupuncture.”
“Numerous reports highlighting the cytotoxic effects of 3,5-diaryl N-acetyl-pyrazolines and isatin tempted us to

synthesise conjugates of the functionalities via alkyl armed triazole tetheration. The hybrids were synthesized by click chemistry approach and were evaluated against a panel of cell lines i.e. viz HeLa (cervix cancer), CAKI-I (Renal cancer), PC-3 (Prostate cancer) and Miapaca-2 (pancreatic selleckchem cancer). The hybrids were classified into right-handed and left-handed conjugates on the basis of the placement of the isatin ring. The length of the alkyl armed triazole linker was varied from 2 to 6. Structure activity relationship has also been presented. A preliminary cytotoxic assay was performed on the series of 3,5-diaryl N-acetyl-pyrazolines and only the potent 3,5-diaryl N-acetyl-pyrazolines were selected for their inclusion in the hybrid scaffold. Among the cell lines employed, HeLa cell line Tozasertib mw was the most sensitive towards the exposure

of test compounds. Out of all the compounds evaluated, two right-handed conjugates Selleckchem MK2206 MI-7b and MI-8b and two left-handed conjugates MI-4b, MI-6b displayed significant cytotoxic potential and exhibited an IC50 range from 1.3 to 3.5 mu M against HeLa Cell line. .”
“Intensive care unit patients exposed to multiple devices but free of hospital-acquired infection (HAI) until discharge

were identified through a surveillance network of HAIs in Lyon, France, between 2003 and 2011. Multiexposed patients were defined according to the tenth deciles of length of stay and exposures to invasive devices. Overall, 982 (5.0%) multiexposed patients were identified; 154 (15.7%) remained uninfected. Multiexposed infected patients differed from noninfected patients regarding length of exposures and mortality. Copyright (C) 2015 by the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Exogenously administered B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) has been shown to offer cardioprotection through activation of particulate guanylyl cycla se (p GC), protein kina se G (PKG) and KATp channel opening. The current study explores if cardioprotection afforded by short intermittent BNP administration involves PI3K/Akt/p70s6k dependent signaling, and whether this signaling pathway may participate in regulation of BNP mRNA expression at early reperfusion. Isolated Langendorff perfused rat hearts were subjected to 30 min of regional ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion (IR).

The optimized geometrical parameters, harmonic vibrational wavenumbers and NMR chemical shifts of the most stable conformer were calculated at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p), cc-pVTZ and cc-pVQZ level in the proximity of the isolated molecule. DFT calculations were combined with Pulay’s scaled quantum mechanics force field (SQMFF) methodology in order to fit the theoretical wavenumbers to the MG-132 clinical trial experimental ones. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Cine cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is challenging in patients who cannot perform repeated breath holds. Real-time, free-breathing

acquisition is an alternative, but image quality is typically inferior. There is a clinical need for techniques that learn more achieve similar image quality to the segmented cine using a free breathing acquisition. Previously, high quality retrospectively gated cine images have been reconstructed from real-time acquisitions using parallel imaging and motion correction. These methods had limited clinical applicability due to lengthy acquisitions and volumetric measurements obtained with such methods have not previously been evaluated systematically. Methods: This

study introduces a new retrospective reconstruction scheme for real-time cine imaging which aims to shorten the required acquisition. A real-time acquisition of 16-20s per acquired slice was inputted into a retrospective cine reconstruction algorithm, which employed non-rigid registration to remove respiratory motion and SPIRiT non-linear reconstruction with temporal regularization to fill in missing data. The algorithm was used to reconstruct cine loops with high spatial (1.3-1.8 x 1.8-2.1 mm(2)) and temporal resolution (retrospectively GW4869 clinical trial gated, 30 cardiac phases, temporal resolution

34.3 +/- 9.1 ms). Validation was performed in 15 healthy volunteers using two different acquisition resolutions (256 x 144/192 x 128 matrix sizes). For each subject, 9 to 12 short axis and 3 long axis slices were imaged with both segmented and real-time acquisitions. The retrospectively reconstructed real-time cine images were compared to a traditional segmented breath-held acquisition in terms of image quality scores. Image quality scoring was performed by two experts using a scale between 1 and 5 (poor to good). For every subject, LAX and three SAX slices were selected and reviewed in the random order. The reviewers were blinded to the reconstruction approach and acquisition protocols and scores were given to segmented and retrospective cine series. Volumetric measurements of cardiac function were also compared by manually tracing the myocardium for segmented and retrospective cines. Results: Mean image quality scores were similar for short axis and long axis views for both tested resolutions. Short axis scores were 4.52/4.31 (high/low matrix sizes) for breath-hold vs. 4.54/4.

“
“Purpose: The performance of various x-ray converters, employed in medical imaging systems, has been widely examined by several methodologies (experimental, analytical, and Monte Carlo techniques). The x-ray converters most frequently employed

in energy Selleck SB273005 integrating digital radiology detectors are the Gd(2)O(2)S:Tb granular phosphor, the CsI:Tl structured phosphor, and the a-Se photoconductor. The imaging characteristics of an x-ray converter are affected by its x-ray detection properties. However, various definitions of x-ray detection have been used in the literature, leading to different results for the quantum detection efficiency (QDE) for the same type of x-ray converter. For this reason, there is a need for accurate determination of the x-ray detection and, in particular, its relation to detector response.\n\nMethods: The present article reports on the performance of the three aforementioned Selleckchem Fludarabine x-ray converters

in terms of the QDE and the x-ray statistical factor I(x) and examines the effect of the x-ray detection, directly related to converter output signal, on the zero-frequency DQE. For the purposes of this study, Monte Carlo simulation was used to model the x-ray interactions within the x-ray converter. Simulations were carried out in the energy range from 10 keV up to 80 keV and considering two layers of different coating weights (50 and 100 mg/cm(2)). The prediction and comparison of zero-frequency DQE were based on two different approaches for x-ray detection, i.e., (a) fraction of interacting photons and (b) fraction of photons Vorinostat order leading to energy deposition. In addition, the effect of energy deposition through Compton scattering events on the DQE values was estimated.\n\nResults: Our results showed discrepancies between Monte Carlo techniques (based on energy deposition events) and analytical calculations

(based on x-ray attenuation) on QDE. Discrepancies were found to range up to 10% for Gd(2)O(2)S:Tb (100 mg/cm(2)), 7.7% for CsI:Tl (50 mg/cm(2)), and 8.2% for a-Se (50 mg/cm(2)). Discrepancies were analyzed by examining the scattering effects (elastic and inelastic) within the converters and led to further analysis of scattering events on I(x) as well. Significant overestimations were found for both factors (QDE and I(x)) on the zero-frequency DQE.\n\nConclusions: Considering that the highest overestimation was found in the thin layer (50 mg/cm(2)), Monte Carlo evaluation showed that the overestimation (%) between DQE values (based on either x-ray interacting events or energy impartation events) was more significant at 20 keV for CsI:Tl (approximately 2.1%), at 40 keV for Gd(2)O(2)S:Tb (approximately 8.1%), and finally at 60 and 80 keV for a-Se converter (approximately 4.8 and 8.2%, respectively).

The zwitterionic intermediate generated by attack of triphenylphosphine on an alkyl propiolate reacts with an aryl or styryl trifluoromethyl ketone to form the 1,2 lambda(5)-oxaphosphole ring. All the new products were characterized by IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy and the structure of one

of them, ethyl 2,2,2-triphenyl-5-[(E)-2-phenylvinyl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2,5-dihydro-1,2 lambda(5)-oxaphosphole-4-carboxylate, was confirmed by X-ray single-crystal diffraction analysis.”
“Valproic acid (VPA) is used worldwide to treat epilepsy, migraine headaches, and bipolar disorder. However, VPA is teratogenic and in utero exposure can lead to congenital malformations. Using inbred C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) mice, we asked whether genetic variation could

play a role in susceptibility to VPA teratogenesis. Whereas B6 fetuses were more susceptible than D2 fetuses to digit and vertebral malformations, D2 fetuses AG-120 in vivo were more susceptible to rib malformations. selleck screening library In a reciprocal cross between B6 and D2, genetically identical F1 mice carried in a B6 mother had a greater percentage of vertebral malformations following prenatal VPA exposure than F1 mice carried in a D2 mother. This reciprocal F1 difference is known as a maternal effect and shows that maternal genotype/uterine environment is an important mediator of VPA teratogenecity. VPA is a histone deacetylase inhibitor, and it is possible that the differential teratogenesis in B6 and D2 is because of strain differences

in histone acetylation. We observed strain differences in acetylation of histones H3 and H4 in both embryo and placenta following in utero VPA exposure, but additional studies are needed to determine the significance of these changes in mediating teratogenesis. Our results provide additional support SB202190 cost that genetic factors, both maternal and fetal, play a role in VPA teratogenesis. Lines of mice derived from B6 and D2 will be a useful model for elucidating the genetic architecture underlying susceptibility to VPA teratogenesis.”
“Background: Despite recommendations to do so, few orthopaedists wear leaded glasses when performing operative fluoroscopy. Radiation exposure to the ocular lens causes cataracts, and regulatory limits for maximum annual occupational exposure to the eye continue to be revised downward.\n\nMethods: Using anthropomorphic patient and surgeon phantoms, radiation dose at the surgeon phantom’s lens was measured with and without leaded glasses during fluoroscopic acquisition of sixteen common pelvic and hip views. The magnitude of lens dose reduction from leaded glasses was calculated by dividing the unprotected dose by the dose measured behind leaded glasses.\n\nResults: On average, the use of leaded glasses reduced radiation to the surgeon phantom’s eye by tenfold, a 90% reduction in dose.

We reviewed 15 upper extremities in 14 patients with brachial plexus injuries caused by anterior shoulder dislocation. Two-thirds of the cases had total brachial plexus palsy. With the conservative treatment, the motor recoveries of all cases are full or nearly full within 20 months except

intrinsic muscle of the hand. Intrinsic muscle recovery may be better in a younger age group (less than 50 years). Nerve exploration is usually unnecessary. However, reconstructive surgery for the residual neurological deficit can provide improvement of hand function. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Glutamate is the primary excitatory transmitter of sensory transmission and perception in the central nervous system. Painful or noxious stimuli from the periphery ‘teach’ humans and animals to avoid potentially dangerous objects Sapanisertib in vitro or environments, whereas tissue injury itself

this website causes unnecessary chronic pain that can even last for long periods of time. Conventional pain medicines often fail to control chronic pain. Recent neurobiological studies suggest that synaptic plasticity taking place in sensory pathways, from spinal dorsal horn to cortical areas, contributes to chronic pain. Injuries trigger long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission in the spinal cord dorsal horn and anterior cingulate cortex, and such persistent potentiation does not require continuous neuronal activity from the periphery. At the synaptic level, potentiation of excitatory transmission caused by injuries may be mediated by the enhancement of glutamate release from presynaptic terminals and potentiated postsynaptic responses of AMPA receptors. Preventing, ‘erasing’ or reducing such potentiation may serve as a new mechanism to inhibit chronic pain in patients in the future.”
“Although

diurnal birds of prey have historically been placed in a single order due to a number of morphological DMXAA characters, recent molecular phylogenies have suggested that this is a case of convergence rather than homology, with hawks (Accipitridae) and falcons (Falconidae) forming two distantly related groups within birds. The feather lice of birds have often been used as a model for comparing host and parasite phylogenies, and in some cases there is significant congruence between the two. Thus, studying the phylogeny of the lice of diurnal raptors may be of particular interest with respect to the independent evolution of hawks vs. falcons. Using one mitochondrial gene and three nuclear genes, we inferred a phylogeny for the feather louse genus Degeeriella (which are all obligate raptor ectoparasites) and related genera. This phylogeny indicated that Degeeriella is polyphyletic, with lice from falcons vs. hawks forming two distinct clades.

Moreover, PI (propidium iodide) fluorescent staining indicated that cell integrity could be destroyed by ion irradiation. Cell damage eventually

affected cell viability and free radicals were involved in cell damage as shown by DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) rescue experiment. Our primary experiments demonstrated that yeast cells can be used as an optional experimental model to study the biological effects of low energy ions and be applied to further investigate the mechanism(s) underlying the bio-effects of eukaryotic cells.”
“This study was designed to evaluate femoral perfusion after pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation in a steroid-induced osteonecrosis rabbit model by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging this website (DCE-MRI). Steroid-induced osteonecrosis was produced by single intramuscular injection of methylprednisolone in 15 rabbits. Eight rabbits underwent PEMF stimulation (PEMF group) and seven did not (control group). DCE-MRI was performed before PEMF stimulation, immediately before steroid administration, and 1, 5, 10, and 14 days after steroid administration. Regions

of interest were set in the bilateral proximal femora. Enhancement ratio (ER), initial slope (IS), and area under the curve (AUC) were analyzed. ER, IS, and AUC in the control group significantly decreased after steroid administration selleck compound compared with before administration (P smaller than 0.05). In PEMF group, IS significantly decreased; however, ER and AUC showed no significant differences after steroid administration compared

with before. ER and IS in PEMF group were higher than in control group until 10th day, and AUC was higher until 5th day after steroid administration (P smaller than 0.05). PEMF stimulation restrains the decrease in blood flow after steroid administration. Bioelectromagnetics. 36:349-357, P005091 cost 2015. (c) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“Epigenetic alterations have been increasingly implicated in oncogenesis. Analysis of Drosophila mutants suggests that Polycomb and SWI/SNF complexes can serve antagonistic developmental roles. However, the relevance of this relationship to human disease is unclear. Here, we have investigated functional relationships between these epigenetic regulators in oncogenic transformation. Mechanistically, we show that loss of the SNF5 tumor suppressor leads to elevated expression of the Polycomb gene EZH2 and that Polycomb targets are broadly H3K27-trimethylated and repressed in SNF5-deficient fibroblasts and cancers. Further, we show antagonism between SNF5 and EZH2 in the regulation of stem cell-associated programs and that Snf5 loss activates those programs. Finally, using conditional mouse models, we show that inactivation of Ezh2 blocks tumor formation driven by Snf5 loss.

Subjects completed 5-day bladder diaries at baseline and week 12, in which they recorded all micturitions and rated the sensation associated with each micturition using the 5-point Urinary Sensation Scale (USS). For this post hoc analysis, efficacy, safety, and tolerability data were stratified by the study median PSA concentration at baseline

(1.41 ng/mL).\n\nRESULTS\n\nIn the tolterodine-ER + alpha-blocker and placebo + alpha-blocker groups, 160 and 159 men, respectively, had PSA levels of < 1.41 ng/mL, and 166 and 160 men, respectively, had PSA levels of >= 1.41 ng/mL. Men with higher PSA levels were slightly older and had higher Ulixertinib clinical trial PVR at baseline compared with men with lower PSA levels. At week 12, improvements in daytime micturitions, 24-h urgency episodes, and daytime urgency episodes were significantly greater with tolterodine-ER + alpha-blocker vs placebo + alpha-blocker both in men with PSA levels of >= 1.41 ng/mL and those with PSA levels of < 1.41 ng/mL (P < 0.05). Among men with PSA levels of < 1.41 ng/mL, improvements in 24-h micturitions and frequency-urgency sum (sum of USS ratings for all micturitions) were also

ZD1839 ic50 significantly greater with tolterodine-ER + alpha-blocker vs placebo + alpha-blocker (P < 0.05). There were no significant treatment differences in change in UUI episodes in either PSA group (although only 19% of subjects reported UUI at baseline), nor in nocturnal micturitions or nocturnal urgency episodes. Among men with PSA levels of BIX-01294 >= 1.41 ng/mL, there was a statistically significant increase in PVR (P = 0.036) and decrease in maximum urinary flow rate (Q(max); P = 0.038) with tolterodine-ER + alpha-blocker vs placebo

+ alpha-blocker ; these changes were not considered clinically meaningful. There were no treatment differences for changes in PVR or Q(max) among men with PSA levels of < 1.41 ng/mL. One subject receiving tolterodine-ER + alpha-blocker (PSA concentration of >= 1.41 ng/mL) and two subjects receiving placebo + alpha-blocker (one each in the PSA concentration subgroups of >= 1.41 ng/mL and < 1.41 ng/mL) had acute urinary retention requiring catheterization.\n\nCONCLUSION\n\nIn a 12-week study, the addition of tolterodine-ER to alpha-blocker therapy improved key OAB symptoms and appeared to be well tolerated compared with placebo + alpha-blocker in men with persistent OAB symptoms, regardless of subjects’ prostate size as judged by serum PSA concentration.”
“It is reported that ball milling gives rise to a different atomic configuration in Fe2CrGa than the order obtained upon preparation by arc melting. After ball milling, the magnetic moment has values of 3.2 to 3.9 mu(B)/f.u., which is significantly higher than in arc-melted samples, and the Curie temperature increases by about 200 K.

Conclusion. These findings can contribute to the understanding of the function of interthalamic adhaesion, and to resolving the question whether it is a vestigial structure. No mather if the interthalamic adhaesion is vestigial structure or not, its presence LEE011 nmr or absence could be a marker for other, genetic

or functional differences between human brains. Our findings indicate the presence of certain neuronal organization in the human interthalamic adhaesion which could have functional significance, and do not support its vestigial nature.”
“We report a 40-year-old woman with onset of oligoarthritis shortly after initiating treatment with methimazole for Graves disease. Over the course of 7 years, her arthritis became progressively severe, leading to a diagnosis of seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic agents and surgical intervention was contemplated. Ultrasound and https://www.selleckchem.com/products/jnk-in-8.html magnetic resonance imaging revealed exuberant synovitis, involving right elbow and knees. Upon withdrawal of methimazole, prompt resolution of all signs and symptoms

of arthritis was observed within several weeks. Following a MEDLINE search of available literature concerning antithyroid drug-induced arthritis, it is evident that this case represents the lengthiest duration of inflammatory arthropathy ever described in a patient that nonetheless was rapidly reversible with discontinuation of methimazole.”
“Objective: To investigate cognitive dysfunction of type 2 diabetes patients accompanied with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), and to analyze its relevant characteristics. this website Methods: Total 115 type 2 diabetes patients were divided into OSAS group (0 group, n=83) and non-OSAS group (N group, n=32); Physical examination patients (C1 group,

n=64) and OSAS patients without diabetes (C2 group, n=47) served as the control group. Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), nocturnal lowest saturation of pulse oxygen (LSPO2) and simple mental state examination scale (MMSE) were evaluated. Results: Among diabetes patients, patients with OSAS have lower glycated hemoglobin, platelet count, thrombocytocrit, MMSE score and lowest mean arterial oxygen than non-OSAS patients; cognitive dysfunction state and glycemic control of patients are related to their diabetic duration, and then along with increase of diabetic duration, glycemic control becomes poor, so that cognitive dysfunction becomes more and more obvious. Conclusion: Along with increased diabetic duration in type 2 diabetes accompanied with OSAS, glycemic control becomes poor, so that cognitive dysfunction more easily occurs. Meanwhile, coagulation function of blood system in OSAS patients with diabetes is impacted to some extent.”
“A novel two-step high-throughput strategy was developed for screening of gluconate high-yield strains by Aspergillus niger.

14 U/mg, respectively. Noticeably, the protein displayed by pELMO was lower than

the protein displayed by pENVO. It can be concluded that Lpp-OmpA can display less protein, but more functional OPH protein. These results highlight the high potential, of both engineered bacteria, for use in the bioremediation of pesticide-contaminated sources in the environment.”
“Benthic suspension feeders are abundant in Mediterranean coastal environments, though most of them are threatened due to overexploitation, climate change impacts, and unregulated diving or fishing practices. Little is known about most of the coastal communities in terms of large-scale distribution and realistic Z-IETD-FMK chemical structure benthic-pelagic coupling implications, which are keys to understand and manage those threatened ecosystems. The active suspension feeder Halocynthia papillosa (one of the most common ascidian species of the Mediterranean Sea) was selected as a model organism Sotrastaurin manufacturer to help to understand the ecological role in benthic-pelagic coupling processes and its importance as a carbon sink (an essential ecosystem service). The spatial and bathymetrical distribution of this organism has been studied using remotely operated vehicle video transects. The species was distributed throughout the study area, with a maximum density of 4 specimens m(-2). The highest

abundances and the biggest sizes were observed on the range of 20-50 m depth. The role as carbon and nitrogen sink of this suspension feeder has been quantified coupling distribution data with existing in situ LY2090314 concentration studies of feeding and respiration. Along the 1.24 ha of the study area, H. papillosa yearly ingested 519.4 g C and 31.4 g N and retained 20.2 g C. As long as the physiological data are known, this new methodology could be very useful in assessing bentho-pelagic links and the capacity of being C and N sinks of a wide range of species. This new approach may be essential for the future management of benthic communities.”
“Renin-angiotensin

system inhibitors significantly reduce the incidence of arrhythmias. However, the underlying mechanism(s) is not well understood. We aim to test the hypothesis that angiotensin II (Ang II) induces early afterdepolarizations (EADs) and triggered activities (TAs) via the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-ROS-calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) pathway. ROS production was analyzed in the isolated rabbit myocytes loaded with ROS dye. Ang II (1-2 mu M) increased ROS fluorescence in myocytes, which was abolished by Ang II type 1 receptor blocker losartan, NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin, and antioxidant MnTMPyP, respectively. Action potentials were recorded using the perforated patch-clamp technique. EADs emerged in 27 out of 41 (66%) cells at 15.8 +/- 1.6 min after Ang II (1-2 mu M) perfusion. Ang II-induced EADs were eliminated by losartan, apocynin, or trolox.

RESULTSThe highest rhGH and cell concentrations were achieved, respectively, as 0.64gL(-1) and 105gL(-1) at t=42h of induction phase, with the strategy where methanol was fed to the

system at a pre-determined feeding rate of (M0)=0.03h(-1), and sorbitol concentration was kept at 50gL(-1) at t=0-15h of the rhGH production phase where the specific growth rate on sorbitol was (S0)=0.025h(-1). The overall cell and product yield on total substrate were found as 0.26gg(-1) and 2.26mgg(-1), respectively. CONCLUSIONThis work demonstrates that co-carbon source, sorbitol, feeding strategy is as important as methanol feeding selleck strategy in recombinant protein production by Mut(+) strains of P. pastoris. (c) 2012 Society of Chemical Industry”
“Social insect colonies contain attractive resources for many organisms. Cleptoparasites sneak into their nests and steal food resources. Social parasites sneak into their social organisations and exploit them for reproduction. Both cleptoparasites ACY-1215 and social parasites overcome the ability of social insects to detect intruders, which is mainly based on chemoreception. Here we compared the chemical strategies of social parasites and cleptoparasites that target the same host and analyse the

implication of the results for the understanding of nestmate recognition mechanisms. The social parasitic wasp Polistes atrimandibularis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), and the cleptoparasitic velvet ant Mutilla europaea (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), both target the colonies of the paper wasp Polistes biglumis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). There is no chemical mimicry with hosts in the cuticular chemical profiles of velvet ants and pre-invasion social parasites, but both have lower concentrations of recognition cues (chemical insignificance) and lower proportions of branched alkanes than their hosts. Additionally, they both have larger proportions

of alkenes JAK inhibitor than their hosts. In contrast, post-invasion obligate social parasites have proportions of branched hydrocarbons as large as those of their hosts and their overall cuticular profiles resemble those of their hosts. These results suggest that the chemical strategies for evading host detection vary according to the lifestyles of the parasites. Cleptoparasites and pre-invasion social parasites that sneak into host colonies limit host overaggression by having few recognition cues, whereas post-invasion social parasites that sneak into their host social structure facilitate social integration by chemical mimicry with colony members. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.