Supernatants of C. annuum cell wall material (A) and an X. campestris pv. campestris culture

(B) displayed no oligosaccharide signals. However, when C. annuum cell wall material was co-incubated with an X. campestris pv. campestris Stem Cells inhibitor culture (C), characteristic peaks were detected that eluted selleckchem between 10 min and 20 min. and that indicated the formation of oligosaccharides. A pectate standard of OGAs generated by digesting commercially available pectin with pectate lyase was analyzed as a control (D). The characteristic oligosaccharide peaks of both runs (C and D) were eluted at similar retention times. When the pectate standard was mixed with co-incubation supernatant, the HPAEC analysis indicated perfect overlapping of the congruent oligosaccharide peaks (E). Hence it was plausible to identify the oligosaccharides from the co-incubation of C. annuum cell wall material and X. campestris pv. campestris culture as OGAs. The structure of the OGA DAMP was further characterized by mass spectrometry. Upon desalting and lyophylization, the supernatant of the co-incubation of cell wall material and X. campestris pv. campestris was analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS (Figure 8). Mass fingerprints obtained in negative-ion mode displayed a ladder-like pattern with identical mass differences corresponding to the molecular weight of galacturonic

acid. The analysis of the co-incubation revealed a prevalence of OGAs with degrees of polymerization (DP) around Duvelisib molecular weight 8 (Figure 8). Combined with the results of total hydrolysis and monosaccharide identification by HPLC, this MALDI-TOF MS data strongly indicates the presence of linear OGAs within the supernatant of the co-incubation. Furthermore, a covalent carbon double bond can be assumed for the reducing end of the oligosaccharide due to the UV-absorption of these oligomers. Figure 8 MALDI-TOF MS of oligosaccharides OSBPL9 released from C. annuum cell walls by co-incubation with X. campestris pv. campestris. Cell walls of C. annuum and bacteria were co-incubated

over night and the cell-free supernatant was desalted and lyophilized. This material was applied to MALDI-TOF MS using the negative-ion mode. A characteristic ladder of negatively charged ions was obtained. Mass differences correspond to that of OGAs of different degrees of polymerization (DP). Ions that correspond to DP 7 to 12 are indicated. Elicitor activity of pectate fragments in N. tabacum and C. annuum cell suspension cultures To assess their functional roles, OGAs with different DPs were isolated. The gradient that had been employed successfully in the qualitative analyses was applied again, now with a semi-preparative column to obtain sufficient material for the subsequent characterizations (Figure 9). Pectate lyases are known to degrade pectate polymers mainly to oligosaccharides with DPs of 2, 3, and 4, while generating galacturonate monomers is uncommon these enzymes [37].