Trainers instructed subjects on proper form for each exercise to minimize variation in exercise technique. For

each exercise, a 4 second count was used for the concentric phase and a 2 second count for the eccentric phase. Exercises were designed to include major muscles in the upper arm, chest, www.selleckchem.com/products/MLN-2238.html back, legs, shoulder and abdomen (Table 3). Table 2 Resistance training cycle/schedule   Reps Sets Rest btw Sets Total Days Block 1 8–10 2–3 1 min 21 Block 2 8–10 3–4 1 min 21 Block 3 10–12 3 up to 1 min 21 Block 4 10–12 4 up to 1 min 21 Table 3 Resistance training: muscle groups & assigned exercises   Muscles Involved Exercise Day 1 workout chest, triceps bench press; squats, dumbbell bench press, shoulder press, over head press Day 2 workout back, legs, and biceps bent over rows, lunges, 1 arm rows, upright rows, back extensions Day 3 workout legs, shoulder, abdominal flys, step-ups, shrugs, abdominal crunches, lateral raises A one-repetition

maximum (1-RM) was calculated as recommended by The American College of Sports Medicine [24] using the Brzycki regression equation, 1 RM = weight lifted during n RM/(1.0278-.0278(n), at the beginning of the study and each exercise block (week 1, 4, 7, 10), as a measure of strength. Subjects were required to participate in > 80% of exercise sessions over the 12 week period. Training logs for each subject were kept by assigned trainers. Statistical Analysis To evaluate the PLX4032 effects of resistance training and protein supplementation on changes in strength and body composition a two-way www.selleckchem.com/products/azd1390.html repeated-measures analysis of variance design was utilized (Sigma Stat 3.0). The Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons was then conducted. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results Over the course of the study, three subjects dropped out because of the inability to schedule Thymidylate synthase training sessions between employment demands and outside interests. One individual ceased participation due to relocation. Twenty-eight subjects

completed the study and were included in the final statistical analysis. Physical Characteristics The three groups resembled each other in most baseline physical characteristics of body weight, BMI, percent body fat, fat mass, and fat free mass. The soy group had an overall higher waist-to-hip ratio versus the whey group but neither group was different from the placebo group. All groups demonstrated a significant reduction (as per cent decrease) in waist-to-hip ratio (1.1%, p < 0.05), percent body fat (8.29%, p < 0.001) and fat mass (8.1%, p < 0.001) and a significant increase in fat free mass (2.6%, p < 0.001) over the course of the study, with no difference among groups (Table 4). As expected, there was no significant change in body weight or BMI. Table 4 Body composition measures.   PLACEBO1 WHEY1 SOY1 P-value   PRE2 POST2 PRE2 POST2 PRE2 POST2 PRE vs. POST3 Body Wt (kg) 89.9 ± 3.0 90.0 ± 3.0 90.