Three other operons containing uptake systems of unknown substrates are also present. Other regions of difference between TIGR4 and AP200 include the presence in the latter of a DpnII restriction system and a double glycin-type bacteriocin gene (Additional file 1). The extent and type of genomic variation between AP200
and TIGR4 is in line with the genetic diversity found within this species by other studies comparing a series of pneumococcal genomes [21, 25, 26]. Comparison of the AP200 genome with TIGR4 revealed also a large chromosomal inversion of approximately 163 kb across the VX-770 clinical trial replication axis and involving the termination site (Figure 2). Large-scale inversions are typically driven by homologous recombination among repeated regions. The AP200 inversion borders fall within the coding sequences of PhtB and PhtD, two proteins which are part of the histidine-triad proteins family, characterized by the repeated histidine HxxHxH triad motif [27]. This family is composed of 4 proteins (PhtA,
PhtB, PhtD, and PhtE) showing high sequence similarity. PhtB and PhtD, which are involved in Eltanexor research buy AP200 chromosomal inversion, reach approximately 87% amino acids identity. Figure 2 Genome alignment of S. pneumoniae strains TIGR4, AP200, CGSP14, Taiwan 19F-14 and TCH8431/19A. Each sequence of identically colored blocks represents a collinear set of matching regions linked across genomes. Regions that are inverted are shifted below a genome’s center axis. Figure generated by Mauve, free/open-source software available from http://gel.ahabs.wisc.edu/mauve. Chromosomal inversions are thought to be implicated in the rebalance of the chromosomal architecture when it is affected by insertions of large DNA regions, such as transposons, IS elements or prophages. In particular, it has been speculated that the chromosomal imbalance could be caused when large
DNA fragments are inserted in one side of the replication axis [28], as in the case of AP200 genome, where the large exogenous Phospholipase D1 elements resided in right of the replication axis. To date, the only pneumococcal genome described to carry a large chromosomal inversion is CGSP14 [28]. Also in CGSP14 the inversion occurs across the termination site but involves a different region (Figure 2). Inversions are present also in 2 recently sequenced pneumococcal genomes, Taiwan 19F-14 [GenBank: NC_012469] and TCH8431/19A [GenBank: NC_014251], although they have not been described (Figure 2). In these strains, the chromosomal inversions involve much Quisinostat larger regions. These observations suggest that the synteny of pneumococcal genome is not always conserved. A striking feature of pneumococcal genomes is the over-distribution of IS elements [23, 29]. AP200 contains 63 transposases and inactivated derivatives thereof http://www-is.biotoul.fr/is.html.