We recommend a very efficient method or a commercial kit to increase the accuracy of PCR assays in such a case. We also recommend further studies to overcome other technical problems of PCR assay to make it more simple and reliable relative to new and very improved culture based methods such as VRE-BMX chromogenic commercial media.38 Such kits has several advantages
such as differentiation at the species level, inhibition of growth of sensitive enterococci to vancomycin, promoting growth Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of resistant strains, and shorter duration than the traditional methods (24 vs 48 hours). Conclusion PCR is a more rapid and a sensitive method for simultaneous detection and characterization of E. Faecalis, and determination of its antimicrobial pattern to vancomycin. It can be considered as an alternative assay, but a more efficient DNA extraction
method to increase the sensitivity of the assay is suggested. Acknowledgment We thank Mr. Mojtaba Hoseinpour for his kind help. Conflict of Interest: None declared.
Background: The Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical role of oxidative stress in GDC-0973 solubility dmso endosulfan-induced reproductive toxicity has been implicated. This study was performed to evaluate the possible protective effect of vitamins E and C, against endosulfan-induced reproductive toxicity in rats. Methods: Fifty adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=10 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical each). The groups included a control receiving vehicle, a group treated with endosulfan (10 mg/kg/day) alone, and three endosulfan-treated group receiving vitamin Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical C (20 mg/kg/day), vitamin E (200 mg/kg/day), or vitamine C+vitamin E at the same doses. After 10 days of treatment, sperm parameters, plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), plasma testosterone Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the testis were determined. Results: Oral administration of endosulfan caused a reduction in the sperm motility, viability, daily sperm production (DSP) and increased the number of sperm with abnormal chromatin condensation. Endosulfan administration increased testis MDA and plasma LDH. Supplementation of vitamin C and vitamin E to endosulfan-treated
rats reduced the toxic effect of endosulfan on sperm parameters and lipid peroxidation in the testis. Vitamin E was more protective than vitamin C in reducing the adverse effects of the endosulfan. Conclusion: The findings data suggest that administration of vitamins C and E ameliorated until the endosulfan-induced oxidative stress and sperm toxicity in rat. The effect of vitamin E in preventing endosulfan-induced sperm toxicity was superior to that of vitamin C. Key Words: Endosulfan, spermatogenesis, oxidative stress, vitamin E, vitamin C Introduction Endosulfan (6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benza-dioxathiepin-3-oxide) is a polycyclic chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide. It has been classified as a moderately hazardous (class II) pesticide.