pseudomallei in the presence or absence of the ara operon to identify genes that may be co-regulated with the bsa apparatus. It is noteworthy that bsaN, a predicted positive transcriptional regulator of the bsa genes is up-regulated Cisplatin manufacturer 1.3 fold at 3 hrs in NaCl-supplemented medium (though not significant by t-test), and further studies will be required to unravel the role of bsaN and other regulators in salt induction of T3SS

genes. A recent study generated a list of putative T3SS effectors in B. pseudomallei by comparing predicted coding sequences to known bacterial effectors including Salmonella and Shigella effector proteins [27]. Our investigation could not detect the co-regulation of these putative effector genes, such as a putative proline-rich exposed protein and ATP/GTP binding protein, with respect to salt stress in contrast to secreted effectors encoded within the bsa locus. In an attempt

to identify genes that may be co-regulated with the virulence-associated Bsa system under salt stress, we used Self Organization Maps based on BopA and BopE expression to find 94 genes with similar expression patterns. These transcriptional changes showed an up-regulation of genes associated with various bacterial functions not only T3SS but also metabolism, stress response, and membrane transportation. One of these genes was the bsa T3SS translocator bipB, which is involved in B. pseudomallei survival within macrophages [35]. Diflunisal selleck chemicals Likewise,

we also found the up-regulation of the RpoE regulatory gene, mucB. The sigma factor E (RpoE) has previously been reported to play a role in the SP600125 in vivo response to environmental stress tolerance such as hyperosmolarity in B. pseudomallei [37]. Recently, it has been suggested that RpoE and AlgR in P. aeruginosa may coordinate regulation of the T3SS and the alginate biosynthesis pathway [38]. Such a link between RpoE-regulating MucB and salt-induction of the Bsa system may exist in B. pseudomallei, but further studies will be required to investigate this. The salt-induced transcription of the invasion- and virulence-associated genes bipD and bopE, which respectively encode a translocon component [24] and a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that subverts actin dynamics [28], was confirmed to result in increased production and secretion of the proteins by Western blotting using specific antisera. BipD and BopE protein expression increased in a gradient from 0 mM to 170 mM to 320 mM NaCl at both RNA and protein levels at both 3 and 6 hrs. This provides compelling evidence that the two genes are regulated by NaCl concentration. BipD and BopE both contribute to invasion of non-phagocytic cells [24, 28] and mutation of bipD markedly impairs the virulence of B. pseudomallei following intranasal or intraperitoneal inoculation of inbred mice [22].