pinetorum WSF 15-c = IBT 22704 Asperfuran and 4 chromophore types on seen in this species RMF 9252 = IBT 22795 Asperfuran and 4 chromophore types on seen in this species CBS 311.63 = IBT 22192 Asperfuran and 4 chromophore types on seen in this species P. purpurescens CBS 366.48 5 chromophore

types only seen in this species aAMF compounds are not fully chemically identified indols with an extended chromophore similar to penitremone Discussion The majority of cork isolates were identified as P. glabrum using the current taxonomical schemes. Four different sequence types of β-tubulin within P. glabrum could be detected. BLAST searches on the NCBI database and local databases of the CBS-Fungal Biodiversity Centre showed NVP-BSK805 datasheet that many more sequence types are present in P. glabrum. This intra-species β-tubulin variation is in contrast with species in subgenus Penicillium, where various species share the same tubulin sequence (Samson et al. 2004). The large variability among P. glabrum isolates originating from cork is also observed using microsatellite primers (Basílio et al. 2006). Our check details analysis show that P. flavidorsum, P. spinuloramigenum, p38 MAP Kinase pathway P. terlikowskii, P. trzebinskii and P. oledzskii are synonyms of P. glabrum. Raper and Thom (1949) placed P. glabrum (P. frequentans),

P. spinulosum and P. purpurescens in the P. frequentans series. Our data show that these three species are phylogenetic related. Pitt (1979) named this the Glabra series and expanded it with Penicillia, which have monoverticillate penicilli and a colony diameter on CYA larger than 30 mm after 7 days at 25°C. Penicillium chermesinum, P. sclerotiorum, P. donkii, P. decumbens, P. thomii, P. glabrum, P. spinulosum and P. purpurescens were included, but the phylogenetic analysis of ZD1839 mouse the genus Penicillium by Peterson (2000) showed that the former four species were not closely related to P. glabrum. Furthermore, Peterson (2000)

named this monophyletic clade “Group 2”, and showed that the species E. pinetorum, P. asperosporum, P. lividum and E. lapidosum were related to P. glabrum. These findings in a large extent supported in our study, but there are some differences. The taxonomic position of E. lapidosum warrants further attention. This species was not included in our phylogenetic study because the type strain of this species (CBS 343.48) is phylogenetically unrelated to the Glabra group (J. Houbraken, unpublished data). This is in contrast with the observation made by Peterson (2000), which stated that E. lapidosum was conspecific with P. thomii. Our data show that P. palmense and P. grancanariae, both isolated from air in Gran Canaria, Spain (Ramirez et al. 1978), are synonymous. The type strains of P. frequentans and P. paczowskii were considered to be synonyms of P. glabrum and P. spinulosum respectively (Pitt, 1979). However, based on calmodulin, tubulin and RPB2 data (data not shown) both type strains are placed in a separate clade related to P.