Recently, NICE used a simple definition for CLI of ‘people with severely impaired circulation who are at imminent risk of limb loss without undergoing revascularisation’.10 Finally, there are a group of patients who fall outside this definition of CLI. They selleck inhibitor have no symptoms of rest pain (see below), and currently intact feet, but have significant PAD and low foot pressures and are at risk of future tissue loss.5 Managing these ‘sub-critical’ patients can be difficult as most vascular interventions carry risks. Symptoms. Some patients with

CLI may have a preceding history of intermittent calf claudication, but in patients with diabetes the presentation is often less obvious. Intermittent claudication, if present, is typically described as tight, cramp-like pain most commonly in the calf, and comes on with exercise and is relieved at rest. The calf is the most distal large muscle in the lower limb vasculature, and hence the most susceptible to impaired

lower limb circulation. Claudication pain may also involve the buttock and thigh muscles when more proximal arterial disease predominates. Rest pain, conversely, tends to occur in the forefoot and is worst when lying down at night in bed. The nocturnal pain often causes the patient to get out of bed and walk around or hang their foot out in a dependent Tofacitinib research buy position (or even sleep upright in a chair) to try to increase perfusion to their foot and reduce symptoms. It is postulated that rest pain is worse at night due to a

reduced nocturnal cardiac output, the loss of the benefits of gravity in supplying blood to the foot when supine, and an increased metabolic rate of the foot when warmed in bed. Importantly, patients with diabetes more commonly develop ulceration or gangrene without experiencing any preceding Neratinib cell line claudication or rest pain, unlike the non-diabetic population, as concomitant neuropathy may mask the symptoms of CLI. In addition, patients with poor mobility may not experience claudication due to their limited walking distance. Signs. Clinical assessment starts with a general inspection of the feet and legs particularly looking for any foot discolouration, swelling, nail dystrophy, hair lack, ulceration or gangrene, as well as any deformity of shape (Box 1). The presence of ulceration or gangrene should be obvious but careful inspection of heels and interdigital spaces is needed to ensure ulceration is not missed. The location of neuroischaemic, or pure ischaemic ulcers on the borders of the foot, tips of toes or heels can indicate the likelihood of PAD being a causative factor in ulceration.