Males and females were paired in spawning boxes the day before spawning in a ratio of 2:2. Spawning was triggered once the light was turned on and was usually completed within 30 min. All compounds selleck products were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich unless stated otherwise. A series of glycol ether metabolites, namely methoxyacetic acid (MAA, cat. No. 194557), ethoxyacetic acid (EAA, cat. No. 137111), butoxyacetic

acid (BAA, Tokyo Chemical Industries, Zwijndrecht, Belgium, cat. No. B1467), phenoxyacetic acid (PAA, cat. No. 77740), butoxyethoxyacetic acid (BEAA, Tokyo Chemical Industries, cat. No. D2491) and methoxyethoxyacetic acid (MEAA, cat. No. 407011) were selected. Furthermore, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME, cat. No. 360503) and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGEE, cat. No. 128082), the two parent compounds of MAA and EAA, respectively, were tested. These compounds were diluted directly in Dutch Standard Water (DSW; demineralized water supplemented with NaHCO3 (100 mg/l),

KHCO3 Trichostatin A (20 mg/l), CaCl2·2H2O (200 mg/l), and MgSO4·7H2O (180 mg/l) and then aerated for 24 h at 27 °C). In addition, a series of six triazole derivatives was tested: flusilazole (FLU, cat. No. 45753), hexaconazole (HEX, cat. No. 34348), cyproconazole (CYP, mixture of diastereomers, cat. No. 46068), triadimefon (TDF, cat. No. 45693), myclobutanil (MYC, cat. No. 34360) and triticonazole (TTC, cat. No. 34172). All triazoles were dissolved in DMSO and further diluted in DSW (0.2% DMSO vol/vol final concentration). 0.2% DMSO was used as solvent control. As negative and positive control 3,4-dichloroaniline (cat. No. 35827) was used at concentrations of 6.2 and 48.4 μM respectively, to verify the sensitivity of the embryos. At the lower concentration embryos developed normally as opposed to the high exposure which caused coagulation of all embryos PI-1840 within 24 h.

Sensitivity of the embryos remained the same during all tests (data not shown). The pH of all test media ranged from or was adjusted to 7.4–8.4, and O2-concentration was at least 6.5 mg/l before and after the test. Fertilized eggs were collected 30 min after spawning (approximately 2–8 batches per test) and rinsed a few times in DSW before exposure. Fertilization rate of the batch of eggs used was at least 90%. After rinsing, the eggs were evenly distributed among the test concentrations. Hereafter, embryos within the 4- to 32-cell stage were selected and transferred to a 24-well plate containing 2 ml of test medium per well. One embryo was transferred to one well and 10 embryos per test concentration were used. Each experiment was performed in triplicate. Four control embryos were present on each plate and if necessary solvent controls were included. Embryos were kept in an incubator at 26.5 °C ± 1 °C with a photoperiod of 14 h light: 10 h dark.