However, the biosynthesis of more complex molecules may need more regulatory gene products involving a regulatory cascade to affect a positive or negative regulation. Some particularly interesting examples are the tylosin biosynthetic gene cluster of S. fradiae [14, 18, 19, 21–23] and the rapamycin biosynthetic gene cluster of S. hygroscopicus [16] which contain, remarkably, Selleck MLN2238 no fewer than five putative regulatory genes. Further analysis of other ORFs in C-1027 gene cluster revealed that additional three unknown genes might have regulatory role in C-1027 biosynthesis. The sgcE1 encodes a protein homologous (43% end-to-end identity) to a transcriptional regulator

of HxlR family (GenBank accession no. ABX37987). The sgcR encodes a protein demonstrating some homology (20% end-to-end identity)

selleck to a transcriptional regulator protein (GenBank accession no. EDS60418) which belongs to XRE (Xenobiotic Response Element) family. The deduced product of sgcM was also found to be highly similar to a putative DNA-binding protein of S. coelicolor A3(2) with a helix-turn-helix motif (GenBank accession no. NP_630506.1). Both sgcE1 and sgcM have a highly homologous counterpart in NCS biosynthetic gene cluster of S. carzinostaticus. This is not surprising due to the complicated biosynthesis of enediyne chromophore, which involves multiple moieties and a convergent biosynthetic approach used to piece together the final product. This work is the first step in deciphering the regulatory factors involved in the biosynthesis of C-1027, and a primary model for pathway-specific regulation of C-1027 production is shown in Fig. 8. Therefore, precise roles for sgcR3, sgcR1, sgcR2 and other putative regulatory genes and their complex interaction remain to be defined. The data presented

in this work set the stage for P-type ATPase subsequent studies to delineate the complexity of the regulation of C-1027 biosynthesis, as well as for designing strategies for the construction of strains with enhanced C-1027 production. Figure 8 Hypothetical schematic regulatory hierarchy of C-1027 biosynthesis in S. AZD5153 globisporus C-1027. Break line box with interrogation point represents unknown pathway-specific regulatory genes and break line arrow represents hypothetic feedback regulation. (+) indicates positive regulation and (?) indicates unknown possible regulation. Conclusion The available evidence demonstrated that SgcR3 was a transcriptional activator in C-1027 biosynthesis. Also, sgcR3 was demonstrated to occupy a higher level than sgcR1 and sgcR2 does in the regulatory cascade of C-1027 biosynthesis in S. globisporus C-1027 and activate the transcription of sgcR1R2 by directly binding to its promoter region. Methods Strains, media and growth conditions E. coli DH5α was used as host for cloning experiments. E. coli ET12567/pUZ8002 [34] was used to transfer DNA into S. globisporus by conjugation. E. coli BL21 (DE3) (Novagen, Madison, USA) was used to express SgcR3 protein.