Unlike most hexamerins that progressively disappear from the hemolymph after metamorphosis, Hex 70a persists in adult honey bee workers. Furthermore, its levels positively correlate with ovary activation in queenless workers, thus suggesting a function in reproduction (Martins et al., 2008 and Martins et al., 2011). Circumstantial evidence that some hexamerins

are targeted for egg production has also been obtained in lepidopteran and dipteran species (Benes et al., 1990, Seo et al., 1998, Capurro et al., 2000, Wheeler et al., 2000 and Pan and Telfer, 2001). In insects, a single large Lp (ApoLp-II/I) is the precursor to the ApoLp-II and -I subunits and is processed by post-translational cleavage (as reviewed in Rodenburg and Van der Horst, 2005). These subunits combine to form a high-density Lp (HDLp) that carries lipophilic compounds in the hemolymph. Another Lp, ApoLp-III, is generally this website found as a lipid-free molecule in the hemolymph. During times of high energy demand, however, it undergoes a conformational change and combines with HDLp to form a low-density Lp (LDLp) for transporting large quantities of lipids (Weers and Ryan, 2006). The role of Lp in reproduction has been demonstrated in lepidopteran and dipteran Ku-0059436 order species, in which Lp is responsible for transporting lipids from the fat body to the growing oocyte (Kawooya

et al., 1988 and Sun et al., 2000). Lp has also been found in the eggs of several insects (Liu and Ryan, 1991, Telfer et al., 1991, Yun et al., 1994, Engelmann and Mala, 2005 and Guidugli-Lazzarini et al., 2008). Storage proteins titers are generally sensitive to nutritional influences. The accumulation of Vg (Bitondi and Simões, 1996) and Hex 70a (Martins et al., 2008) in the hemolymph of adult honey bee workers depends on how much pollen they consume. An absence, or even a paucity, of pollen (a protein-rich nutrient) in the diet impairs increases in both protein titers. It has also been demonstrated that feeding on high- or low-pollen diets positively correlates with high or low levels of ovary activation, respectively,

in queenless honey bee workers (Hoover et al., 2006). Similarly, Human et al. (2007) showed that Rucaparib mw nourishment on protein-rich diets stimulates ovarian activation and egg development in honey bee workers. Taken together, these data establishes links between nutrition, storage protein levels and ovary activation. Indeed, in insects in general, storage protein accumulation may serve to meet the structural and energy needs of oogenesis (Wheeler and Buck, 1996 and Pan and Telfer, 2001) and is dependent on food intake (Wheeler, 1996). Exceptions aside, the honey bee workers generally do not reproduce in the presence of a fertile queen. Then, why do they store proteins? Storage proteins could provide amino acids for sustaining worker basal metabolism during foraging, since foragers preferably eat nectar (Crailsheim et al.