Using global statistics on the scalp electric fields, we measured the performance difference (remembered–forgotten), that is, SMEs, computing the average mean activity in the time window from −2 to −1 sec. Paired TANOVAs for each condition yielded a marginal effect in the stay condition (P = 0.052) and no effect in the switch condition (P = 0.196). The same procedure Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical was applied in the time interval from −1 to −0 sec and here again, we found an opposite pattern, this means a significant effect in the switch condition (P = 0.009) but no significant effect in the stay condition (P = 0.348). The Vandetanib clinical spatial distribution of these effects was further displayed and explored on the scalp level with t-maps as shown

in Figure ​Figure44. Hence, these results suggest that the processing of subsequently Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical remembered and forgotten words might differ in location and/or relative contribution of the brain structures across the entire epoch with an opposite pattern in the two time windows, showing the emergence of the SME in both conditions but in different time frames. Differences in amplitude independent of topography were analyzed based on the differences in GFP (see Figs. ​Figs.4,4, ​,5).5). In the −2 to −1 sec window, we observed that forgotten words were associated with a higher GFP than remembered words both in the stay condition

(t(20) = −4.47, P < Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 0.001) and in the switch condition (t(20) = −4.88, P < 0.001). In the interval between −1 and −0 sec, GFP results were similar, showing an effect in both conditions (t(20) Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical = −3.54, P = 0.002) and (t(20) = −4.21, P < 0.001) in the stay and switch conditions, respectively. The significant t values were in all cases negative, indicating higher prestimulus activity for the subsequently forgotten versus the subsequently remembered items as previously shown

(Padovani et al. 2011). Figure 5 T-test differences in global field power (GFP): **: P < 0.01 and ***: P < 0.001. Note that the standard deviations of the mean values shown do not correspond Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to the standard deviation employed for the paired t-tests. (A) Time interval ... A post hoc TANOVA was computed to assess the possible interactions of a third factor, the instruction type (emotional, semantic) with the two factors already considered in the previous analyses, namely condition Entinostat and performance. To compute these analyses, we have considered the data of only 14 subjects with a minimum number of 10 trials for each condition. The results showed neither triple interaction nor other effects, but only a main effect near to significance (P = 0.06) for condition and performance in the time window from −1 to 0 sec. This finding, taken with caution, provides an indication that collapsing the trial activity across instruction types was correct and confirms the validity of our analyses, although it suffers from a loss of sufficient trials.