Then, before the development of novel hits (in vitro activity) and/or leads (in vitro and in vivo activity) as potential cytoprotective drug candidates, based upon structure–property or structure–activity relationships, our purpose was to theoretically investigate the molecular properties regarding different patterns of amino acid substitution related to the motif 2 of lipocalins by applying chemometric and computational chemistry methods. It is well-known that molecular properties are directly dependent on the chemical/molecular structure,

which is in general responsible for the molecular recognition process and, subsequently, biological response or function. In this study, an exploratory data analysis, which comprises hierarchical cluster analysis selleckchem (HCA) ( Beebe et al., 1998; Ferreira

et al., 1999; Ferreira, 2002) and principal components analysis (PCA) ( Beebe et al., 1998; Ferreira et al., 1999; Ferreira, 2002), was carried out to provide the samples (seven amino acids sequences) classification through either a similarity index or a linear combination of the original data. The findings will be helpful to confirm or not the pM2c sequence as the lipocalins’ signature. The choice of data set was based upon the findings from FASTA sequences’ alignment. The Lopap monomer sequence was used as reference. The tool Sequence Annotated by Structure (SAS) from European Bioinformatics Institute website (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/sas/) was employed in this step. SAS uses FASTA to scan a given protein sequence against all the proteins of known 3D structure in the Protein Vitamin B12 Data Bank (PDB) (www.pdb.org; Berman see more et al., 2000). The sequences best scored having more than 25% of total identity with Lopap monomer sequence were evaluated, and it was chosen ten different patterns of seven amino acid residues substitution regarding motif 2 (see Fig. 2). The structure resolution value was considered

as a tiebreaker criterion when more than one sequence had the same pattern of amino acids substitution at motif 2. Then, proteins from different sources (insect, lobster, chicken, and human) and having distinct functions were selected. The PDB IDs and polypeptide chains used in the multiple alignment process as well as the total identity (%) of each protein against Lopap monomer sequence are listed as follows: 1t0v:A (39% identity; butterfly engineered lipocalin Flu A) (Mills et al., 2009), 1bbp:A (37% identity; butterfly bilin-binding protein) (Huber et al., 1987), 1z24:A (37% identity; insecticyanin) (Holden et al., 1987), 1kxo:A (35% identity; butterfly engineered lipocalin Diga 16) (Korndoerfer et al., 2003), 2hzr:A (33% identity; human apolipoprotein) (Eichinger et al., 2007), 1iiu:A (30% identity; chicken plasma retinol-binding protein) (Zanotti et al., 2001), 1jyj (29% identity; human serum retinol-binding protein) (Greene et al.