It consisted of a 3-week manualized program, incorporating INCB028050 mouse narrative, cognitive-behavioral, and family-based treatment strategies. This pilot study, which did not contain a control group, investigated 35 bereaved individuals

(mean age 42 years, SD 9 years) who had experienced a loss within the last year. The sample can be regarded as a highly stressed one because 57% had lost a child and 21% a partner. Overall, 82% were unexpected deaths. Participants in the preventive program reached a significant reduction in symptoms of PGD and depression. For example, PGD symptoms assessed by the Horowitz criteria were reduced Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical by an effect size of d=2.0, whereas depression (I IADS) was reduced Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical by d=.44.47 It can be concluded that some or all modules of this program were helpful, and further disentangling studies must clarify this. In the following, current treatment approaches to PGD will be outlined. M. Katherine Shear’s approach to treating PGD has become widely recognized.17 Demonstrating the similarities between PGD and PTSD, this approach was essentially informed by the imaginal and in vivo exposure techniques used for PTSD. The Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical confrontational technique of “revisiting” the deceased loved one is utilized. Here, the latter stages of “normal

grief” are used as a model of recovery, whereby the bereaved can redevelop a connection with the deceased. Similar to Foa’s48 prolonged exposure therapy of traumatic memories, the therapist asks the patient to envisage painful memories as part of the healing process.

This stage involves the therapist recording the patient’s telling the story of the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical deceased’s death, and the recording is listened to by the patient at home. Overall, Shear’s complicated grief treatment has proved successful, and is broadly utilized. Boelen, Keijser, van den Flout, and van den Bout49 conducted a study, using a modified form of such exposure based treatment similar to the work of Shear. They examine different sequences of exposure and cognitive restructuring. Exposure began with the writing of distressing Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical memories and included imaginal exposure during the sessions. Cognitive restructuring (CR) focused on individual dysfunctional thoughts (eg, guilt, anger). The evaluation was made halfway through therapy. The exposure phase that followed brought more improvement than the CR phase. Conducting the exposure first followed by CR, yielded the best results. Finally, an alternative to the more standard exposure treatment LANCET ONCOLOGY for PGD should be mentioned. This involves a Web-based approach for eligible patients.50 Demonstrating the association between PGD and PTSD, this approach also begins with a technique of self-confrontation similar to that used in Internet-based therapy of PTSD.51 This consists of a written assignment. This is followed by a new letter in which patients write about the circumstances of the bereavement, and how they thought and felt at the time.