Actual doses administered were confirmed

by serial dilution and counting colonies from triplicate spread plate cultures. Sotrastaurin mw Subjects were admitted to the Clinical Research Center at Massachusetts General Hospital for seven days and had frequent clinical exams, with vital signs taken at least four times a day. Volunteers had routine safety blood tests (complete blood count with differential, and hepatic and renal function) done on study days 0, 4, 7, 10, 14, and 28, and additionally as deemed appropriate. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from heparinized blood via Ficoll gradient separation on days 0, 7, 10, 14, and 28. After discharge, volunteers returned weekly for six weeks for a clinical

check, stool culture, and immunology samples. A clinical check and blood sampling for serum occurred on days 0, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 56, and 168 (six months after vaccination). Volunteers had daily blood cultures (Bactec system 9240). All stools passed were graded (24); up to three stools per day were directly cultured (9) for L. monocytogenes on Brucella agar plates with horse blood and on Oxford L. monocytogenes agar plates (both containing streptomycin). Stool samples were also heavily inoculated overnight into University of Vermont (UVM) L. monocytogenes enrichment broth (Difco, Sparks, MD, USA) and subsequently an aliquot of suspension was then inoculated onto the same selective agar plates. If no stools were passed by 8 pm on a given day, a rectal swab was obtained and incubated overnight in UVM enrichment broth. Quantitative colony counts were not performed. Bacterial GSK2118436 clinical trial isolates from fecal samples were confirmed to be L. monocytogenes by morphology and standard phenotypic tests (β-hemolysis, Gram stain, Niclosamide catalase, and motility tests). The last fecal isolate obtained on each subject was also identified by automated biochemical

assay (VITEK BioMerieux, Hazelwood, MO, USA) and tested for antimicrobial sensitivity to penicillin and streptomycin. A recombinant 6-histidine-tagged listeriolysin (25) was purified from E. coli via nickel affinity chromatography from a clone generously provided by Daniel Portnoy (UC Berkeley) (26). A soluble sonicate suspension was prepared from L. monocytogenes 10403S as described previously (27) and considered a complex antigen of listerial components. A recombinant N-terminal his-tagged Influenza A nucleoprotein derived from strain A/PR/8/34 (HON1) was cloned into pET30a expression vector (Novagen/EMD, Darmstadt, Germany)/E. coli BL21, and subsequently purified by nickel affinity chromatography on a large scale by the New England Regional Center of Excellence/Biodefense and Emerging Infections (Boston, MA, USA). Both immunoglobulin (Ig) A ELISpot and IFN-γ ELISpot studies were performed as described (28, 29) using freshly isolated PBMC maintained in R10 medium with fetal calf serum.