For this reason,

the electrochemical inorganic mediators [8], able to catalyze the oxidation or reduction of hydrogen peroxide, have been preferred to HRP and have been used for the assembling of oxidase-based biosensors. This results in a decrease of the applied potential and the consequent avoidance of many electrochemical interferences. In this perspective, Prussian blue (PB), which has high electrocatalytic activity, stability, and selectivity for 4-Hydroxytamoxifen chemical structure H2O2 electroreduction, has been extensively studied and used for H2O2 detection [9]. Incorporating a thin PB film into the PPY/GOx/SWCNTs-PhSO3 − nanocomposite, the obtained hybrid shows synergistic augmentation of the response current for glucose detection. The effects of applied potential on the current response of the composite-modified electrode toward glucose, the electroactive interference, and the stability were optimized to obtain the maximal sensitivity. The resulting biosensor exhibits high sensitivity, long-term stability, and freedom of interference from other co-existing electroactive species. Methods Chemicals and instrumentation Single-walled carbon nanotubes (>90% C, >77% C as SWCNTs) were obtained from Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, St. Louis, MO, USA). Glucose oxidase (type X-S from Aspergillus niger, 250,000

μg−1) was purchased from Sigma. Pyrrole (98%, Aldrich), D-(+)-glucose (≥99.5%), ascorbic acid, uric acid, and acetaminophen were used as received (Sigma). All other chemicals were

of for analytical grade. Electrochemical Bucladesine cost experiments were performed using a 128N Autolab potentiostat and a conventional three-electrode system with a platinum-modified electrode (disk-shaped with diameter of 2 mm; Metrohm Autolab B.V., Utrecht, the Netherlands) as the working electrode, a platinum wire as the counter electrode, and Hg/Hg2Cl2 (3 M KCl) as reference electrode (purchased from Metrohm). Unless otherwise stated, all experiments were carried out at room temperature in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution (0.1 M phosphate). Amperometric determination of glucose was carried out at different applied potentials under magnetic stirring. Single-walled carbon nanotubes functionalization For the functionalization of SWCNTs, we have adopted a procedure similar to that described by Price and Tour [5] with minor modifications as presented in Figure 1. Twenty-five milligrams of SWCNTs was dispersed in 50 mL deionized water using a high-shear homogenizer at 10,000 rpm for 30 min. The resulting suspension was transferred to a round-bottom flask fitted with a magnetic stirrer and condenser and 1.44 g sulfanilic acid (Fluka Chemical Corporation, St. Louis, Milwaukee, WI, USA) followed by addition of 0.52 mL Fulvestrant research buy tert-butyl nitrite (Aldrich). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min then the temperature was increased to 80°C and maintained for 20 h.