5 min (2.8 ± 1.0 μm) and class III after 15 min (5.2 ± 1.0 μm); nucleoids appeared massively fragmented after 30 min (class IV, 6.5 ± 1.1 μm) (Fig. 3). As in the dose-response study, the DNA damage intensity also tended to Ralimetinib in vivo be homogeneous in the different nucleoids at each sample time. Figure 3 Effect of the incubation time at a dose of 1 μg/ml of CIP. The DNA fragmentation level is categorized by the width of the halo of diffusion of the DNA fragments emerging from nucleoids

of E. coli strain TG1. The DNA fragmentation level did not differ between bacteria incubated with the antibiotic at room temperature or at 37°C, or with or without agitation. Interestingly, TG1 grown previously in LB broth instead of LB agar and tested in the exponentially growing phase produced the most DNA fragmentation (class IV) after 0 min; i.e., immediately after the 8 min of microgel this website preparing. To investigate why the DNA damage level was dependent on the previous culture conditions, TG1 was grown in LB broth for 23 h, and the OD600 was monitored. Aliquots were removed after different

culture times and incubated with 1 μg/ml CIP for 0 and 5 min (adding the 8 min of microgel preparation) (Fig. 4). After 3 h of culture (i.e., in the exponentially growing phase), all nucleoids were class IV after 0 and 5 min, as described above. After 7 h, the culture had achieved the stationary phase, and the nucleoids appeared mainly as class II (89.4%) and a few of them as class I after 0 min of incubation, whereas most (97.8%) were class IV after 5 min. Aliquots removed after 9 h (i.e., stationary phase) showed

nucleoids as classes I CHIR-99021 chemical structure (84.0%) and 0 (16.0%) after 0 min, and class III (98.4%) after 5 min incubation with CIP. The same result occurred after 23 h of culture. This experiment suggests that the growing conditions influence the speed of the CIP effect, which becomes increasingly slower when the bacteria are progressing into the stationary phase. Figure 4 DNA fragmentation in nucleoids from E. coli strain TG1 exposed to CIP in different culture times. The growth curve of the bacteria, evaluated by monitoring turbidity at OD600, is presented above. The distribution of the frequencies of the diffusion widths of DNA fragments from the nucleoids were categorized into the five classes 0 to IV described in Table 1 and Fig. 2. Aliquots from a batch culture were removed at 3 h (exponentially growing phase) and at 7, 9, and 23 h (stationary phase), incubated with 1 μg/ml CIP for 0 (i.e., technical NU7441 mouse processing time of 8 min) (medium) and 5 min (below), and then processed to determine the DNA fragmentation. Evolution of DNA damage The TG1 E. coli strain was exposed to three different doses of CIP, 10, 1, and 0.1 μg/ml, for 40 min. After this treatment, the antibiotic was washed out, and the bacteria were incubated for 0, 1.5, 3, 4, 5, and 24 h (Fig. 5). Figure 5 Repair of CIP (10 μg/ml) induced DNA fragmentation.