All the parasite species were new to the hosts examined, except the larvae of the acanthocephalan Corynosoma

strumosum. Chelon labrosus was the only host of exopathogens. Epistylis colisarum is a sessile peritrichous ciliate that attaches itself to the gills of the fish directly by its scopula equipped with short immobile cilia. It is not a primary disease agent, but a heavy growth signifies that the fish has been predisposed by some debilitating factor. In very large numbers E. colisarum may impair respiration and cause surface irritation ( Lom 1995). It was one of three pathogens of the grey mullet sporadically observed on the gills. Chilodonella hexasticha is a free-living ectoparasite, which may occur in both freshwater and also estuarine and brackish water http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD0530.html fish. The gills and skin are infected, and under favourable conditions the parasites may cover the body surface and the gills in a continuous layer. They feed on cell debris; if the gills are seriously infected, moribund fish may show signs of hypoxia ( Lom 1995). Neither of these two parasite species nor Unio sp. larvae have yet been noted in the grey mullet. Contracaecum osculatum larvae occur mainly in various marine fishes (cod

and other Gadidae, Clupeidae) but also in freshwater species (usually PLX4032 recorded in the liver) ( Moravec 1994). Marine mammals are the definitive hosts, while planktonic copepods are the first intermediate hosts. Only larvae L3 of Contracaecum sp. and C. multipapillatum (Drasche, 1882) were found in T. trachurus Resveratrol ( Sanmartin Duran et al., 1989 and Moravec, 1998). The parasite has yet to be recorded in Ch. lucerna. The third-stage larvae of Pseudoterranova

decipiens parasitize the internal organs of Gadidae, Clupeidae, Pleuronectidae, Cottidae and Salmonidae ( Grabda-Kazubska & Okulewicz 2005). Marine mammals, especially Phoca sp., are the definitive hosts. Various species of marine invertebrates serve as its first intermediate hosts. M. surmuletus and Ch. lucerna have not yet been recorded as hosts of these parasites. Hysterothylacium aduncum is a cosmopolitan nematode with planktonic crustaceans (Acartia bifilosa, Eurytemora affinis) as obligate intermediate hosts and both invertebrate and fish as paratenic hosts, where they are located in the body cavity, liver and muscles. L4 larvae and adults of nematodes have been reported in the intestines of many predatory fish host species. These fish may become second intermediate hosts and definitive hosts ( Grabda-Kazubska & Okulewicz 2005). The nematode H. aduncum has not yet been recorded in Ch. lucerna. The acanthocephalan Corynosoma strumosum is a parasite of seals and cormorants ( Wülker 1933); the first intermediate hosts are amphipods Pontoporeia, which ingest the cystacanth larvae.