Amino acid substitutions and the positioning of carbohydrate moieties around the entrance to the catalytic site modulate the specificity of SVSPs, and hence SVSPs selleck inhibitor serve as diagnostic tools and are potentially interesting for the design of drugs aimed at

reducing blood viscosity and for the prevention of thrombus formation. Leading examples are the SVSPs Ancrod (Arwin®) isolated from the venom of Agkistrodon rodhostoma and Batroxobin (Defibrase®) from the venoms of B. moojeni and B. atrox, respectively ( Bell, 1997 and Wang et al., 2009). Since high-resolution X-ray diffraction studies provide detailed information at the atomic level concerning factors that determine the stereo-specificity of SVSPs, a rapid, purification procedure

was developed to obtain milligram quantities of SVSPs from the venoms of B. alternatus and B. moojeni for structural studies. This purification procedure can be used to obtain serine proteinases from other snake venoms. Desiccated crude venoms of B. moojeni (1 g) and B. alternatus (500 mg) were purchased from a local serpentarium (SANMARO, Taquaral Ltda. São Paulo, Brazil). Sephacryl S-100 Veliparib Hiprep 16/60, ÄKTA purifier and Benzamidine Sepharose 4 Fast Flow (high sub) were obtained from GE Healthcare, Amicon ultra concentrator 10 kDa and Bovine fibrinogen were obtained from Millipore and Sigma Chemical Co. respectively. Molecular weight standards (97 kDa Phosphorylase I, 66 kDa Albumin, 45 kDa Ovalbumin, 30 kDa Carbonic Anhydrase, 20.1 kDa trypsin inhibitors, 14.4 kDa α-lactalbumin) were purchased from Amersham Biosciences. Typically, samples of 250 mg of desiccated crude venoms of either B. alternatus or B. moojeni were solubilized in 1.5 ml of Tris–HCl buffer (0.02 M Tris; 0.15 M NaCl, pH 8.0) and centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 10 min. The clear supernatant (approximately Clomifene 1 ml) of each sample was applied to a 16 × 60 Sephacryl S-100 column previously equilibrated with 0.02 M Tris–HCl pH 8.0 buffer containing 0.15 M NaCl.

The proteins were eluted at a flow rate of 0.2 ml/min, and fractions of 1 ml/tube were collected. The fractions obtained from peak 3a of the size-exclusion chromatography step were pooled and applied onto a Benzamidine Sepharose 4 Fast Flow (high sub) (5 ml bed volume) column, pre-equilibrated with 0.02 M Tris–HCl pH 8.0 containing 0.15 M NaCl, using a superloop (50 ml) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. The unbound protein fractions were eluted with the same buffer. The non-specifically bound proteins were eluted with the aforementioned buffer which additionally contained 0.5 M NaCl. Once the baseline had stabilized, the tightly bound proteins were eluted by rapidly changing the pH to 3.0 using a 0.05 M glycine-HCl buffer. The pH of the eluted samples was immediately adjusted to pH 7.0 by adding a buffer containing 1 M Tris pH 9.0.