To allow comparison, the total clinical score was divided by the number of mice in the experimental group. Lungs were scored for consolidation by estimating the percentage of the lung surface that had developed a plum-coloured discoloration. They were stored post-mortem at −70 °C, and later examined for virus infectivity, virion RNA, and 244 DI RNA. Animal experiments were approved by the University of Warwick’s Ethical Review Committee and the UK Home Office, and followed the guidelines of the UK Coordinating Committee for Cancer Research. RNA was extracted from the left lungs

of mice by grinding with sterile sand and Trizol (Invitrogen). Quantitative real time PCR was performed on an ABI prism 7000 to quantitate virion-sense (RNA−) in infected mouse lung. We used the following primers FK228 manufacturer and probes: segment 1 F (5′ TGCAATGGGACTGAGAATTAGCT 3′), segment 1R (5′ TCCGCTTGTTCTCTTAAATGTGAAT 3′) and probe (5′ VIC-CACCAAAACTGAAGGAT 3′); 244 1F (5′ CATAATCAAGAAGTACACATCAGGAAGAC 3′), 244 1R (5′ CTCTTTGCCCAGAATGAGGAAT 3′) and probe (5′

FAM-CCCTCAGTCTTCTCC 3′); segment 7 1F (5′ CTTCTAACCGAGGTCGAAACGTA 3′), segment 7 1R (5′ GGATTGGTCTTGTCTTTAGCCA 3′) and probe (5′ FAM-CTCGGCTTTGAGGGGGCCTGA 3′) [35]. Duvelisib cost Primers were synthesized by Invitrogen, and the probes by ABI. To distinguish the 244 segment Carnitine dehydrogenase 1 DI RNA from full-length segment 1, a probe was designed to cover the DI RNA junction region formed when the terminal segment 1 fragments were ligated, and which is absent from full-length RNA. A unique segment 1 probe was designed from the region which has been deleted from 244 DI RNA.

A standard for each virion-sense RNA stock was made by subcloning PCR products of either full length RNA or the region flanking the amplicon in pGEMT-easy vector (Promega). RNA was transcribed using the T7 or SP6 RNA polymerase (MEGAscript, Ambion), the mix was digested with DNase I, and RNA purified by electro-elution. After ethanol precipitation, RNA was resuspended into RNase-free water and quantitated on a Nanodrop 1000 (Thermoscientific, Wilmington, DE). Standard curves were generated by performing 10-fold serial dilutions of known RNA copy numbers with each dilution assayed in triplicate. The reaction was conducted at 50 °C for 2 min, 95 °C for 10 min, then 40 cycles of 94 °C for 15 sec followed by 60 °C for 1 min. The right-hand lung from each infected mouse was homogenised with sand in PBS containing 0.