Participants were asked whether they had taken prescription medications for a health problem while in prison and whether they had received services for a substance use or emotional problem, and substance use history (injection drug use, other illicit drug use, alcohol use) and lifetime selleck chemicals Nintedanib smoking history were obtained. Participants were asked about intent to smoke postrelease and rated importance and confidence around intent to remain smoke free after release (readiness to change health behavior). Based on community predictors of smoking relapse, the following survey instruments were administered to participants both prerelease (in person) and postrelease (by telephone) by a trained research nurse: Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), Social Attachment subscale of the Social Provisions Scale (SPS-SAS), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-8 (depression scale), Problem Solving Scale (PSS), Fagerstr?m Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND), Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C), and substance use by Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10).

Unless otherwise specified below, time periods elicited were for the month prior to this incarceration (prerelease) or in the time since release (generally 1-month postrelease). The PANAS (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) is an assessment of mood or current emotional state. It consists of two 10-item scales (positive affect and negative affect); the participant is asked to respond on a 5-point scale to ��feelings�� words, indicating how much he has felt this way. The SPS-SAS is used to assess perceived adequacy and satisfaction with emotional support (Cutrona, 1989).

Participants rate perceived support on 4-point scales with anchors from ��strongly disagree�� to ��strongly agree.�� After reverse scoring two items, scores are summed such that higher scores reflect greater levels of support. This four-item measure of emotional support has been found to have adequate internal consistency (alpha = .78). The PHQ-8 is an eight-item measure of depression, similar to the PHQ-9 in terms of diagnosing depressive disorders, but with scores >10 indicative of severe depression (Kroenke, Spitzer, & Williams, 2001). PHQ-8 consists of eight questions covering symptoms for diagnosing depression. Participants are asked to tell how many days in the past 2 weeks they have been bothered by each symptom from ��Not at all�� (0) to ��Nearly every day�� (3).

Scores can range from 0 to 24. The PSS contains five questions related to use of problem-solving strategies in daily life (Lin et al., 2003). It is based AV-951 on PSSS (Problem Solving Skills Scale), a subscale of the Social Problem-Solving Inventory (SPSI) (D��Zurilla & Nezu, 1990). Responses are on a 5-point scale from 1 (not at all true of me) to 5 (extremely true of me). FTND (Heatherton, Kozlowski, Frecker, & Fagerstr?m, 1991) contains six questions, scored for between 0 and 10 points to indicate level of addiction to nicotine.