2. Conduct immature mosquito control in areas at elevated or potentially elevated risk of RVFV transmission. Afatinib Immature control products known as insect growth regulators (IGRs), such as methoprene in sustained release Altosid? Pellets (Wellmark International, Schaumberg, IL), have been demonstrated to be extremely effective in controlling both Aedes and Culex vectors of RVFV, even when placed into immature mosquito habitats several months before flooding.12 Although initially expensive, sustained release products control mosquitoes for an extended period of time (1�C2 months) without retreatment. Recent studies using pyriproxyfen (Sumilarv? 0.5G [Sumitomo Chemical Co., Osaka, Japan]) have shown that adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes contaminated with this IGR can transfer the material to larval habitats.

13 This product could be applied by ULV techniques (as NyGuard? IGR Concentrate [MGK, Minneapolis, MN]) to adult mosquito vectors and possibly transferred to larval habitats, significantly increasing efficiency and reducing cost of immature control of RVFV mosquito vectors. The Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti)-based products have not been used as successfully for RVFV vectors in some situations.14 Other products such as the organophosphate Abate? (BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany) could be used effectively as a liquid or as pellets to prevent adult mosquito emergence after flooding. However, Abate cannot be applied to pastures, which may be a prime target in RVF areas in Kenya. Abate pellets could be used for pre-treatment of areas prior to flooding.

Products based on Bacillus sphaericus such as Vetolex CG? (Valent Biosciences Corp., Libertyville, IL) would be expected to provide good control against Culex mosquitoes. 3. Cost estimates for mosquito control for mitigation of RVFV transmission in domestic animals and humans. The following discussion of cost estimates for aircraft flying costs and chemical costs are broad estimates derived from data acquired from mosquito control districts in the United States and discussions with the U.S. Air Force’s 910 Airlift Wing in Youngstown Ohio. These estimated overall costs are actually operating costs, which may be offset by other funding/factors. The contracting of Air Tractor and Helicopter services from local vendors will certainly be significantly higher. Contracting of services outside of Africa will also involve ferrying charges. Note that the C-130 aircraft currently cannot fly at night and cannot deliver granule larvicides. Table 2 lists estimated GSK-3 operation costs for various aspects of three potential mosquito control aircraft: 1) U.S.