05, Fig. 1B). We compared the severity of inflammation in the airway between Derf-exposed CD44KO and WT mice. The numbers of total leukocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes in the BALF of Derf-exposed CD44KO mice were lower than those of Derf-exposed WT mice (p<0.05, Fig. 1B). The number of eosinophils in the BALF of Derf-exposed CD44KO mice was marginally lower than that of Derf-exposed WT mice (p=0.0963, Fig. 1B). Furthermore, accumulation of Th1 and Th2 cells was investigated by counting the number

of CD4+Tim-3+ and CD4+T1/ST2+T cells, respectively, in the BALF. The accumulation of Th2 cells (p=0.0041), but not Th1 cells (p=0.6911), was suppressed in CD44KO mice compared with WT mice (Fig. 1C), after Derf challenge. Therefore, the lack of antigen-induced selleck chemicals llc AHR in CD44KO mice might be caused Ceritinib in vivo by the down-regulation of Th2 cell accumulation in the lung. To investigate the possible roles of various cytokines and chemokines in allergic airway inflammation, concentrations in BALF of Th1

(IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-5, IL-13) cytokines, and chemokines (TARC, IP-10, and eotaxin) were measured by ELISA. The levels of these cytokines and chemokines in the PBS group of both CD44KO and WT mice were under the detection limits (data not shown). Elevated levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines were observed in both CD44KO and WT mice after Derf challenge. Th2 cytokine (IL-5 and IL-13) concentrations in the BALF of CD44KO mice were lower than those of WT mice (p<0.05, Fig. 2A), while the amount of IFN-γ in the BALF of Derf-exposed CD44KO mice was higher than that of Derf-exposed WT mice (p<0.05, Fig. 2A). Levels of TARC and eotaxin in the BALF of Derf-exposed CD44KO mice were similar to those of Derf-exposed WT mice, while the IP-10 concentration in the BALF of Derf-exposed CD44KO mice was higher than that in Derf-exposed WT mice

(p<0.05, Fig. 2B). These data demonstrate the possibility that CD44 deficiency not only suppresses Th2-mediated airway inflammation, but also facilitates Th1 development in Derf-sensitized and challenged Vorinostat mouse model. To explore the role of CD44 in the development of Th1- or Th2-biased Th differentiation, antigen-specific antibody production, Derf-specific IgE, IgG1, IgG2c, and Th1, Th2 cytokine levels in the serum were determined by ELISA in Derf-immunized CD44KO and WT mice before and after antigen challenge. Serum levels of Derf-specific IgE (p=0.3472), IgG1 (p=0.1172), and IgG2c (p=0.2948) were not significantly different between CD44KO and WT mice before antigen challenge (Fig. 3A), whereas the serum levels of Derf-specific IgG2c (p=0.0109), but not IgE (p=0.5589) and IgG1 (p=0.8494), were significantly higher in CD44KO mice compared with WT mice after Derf-challenge (Fig. 3B). Before antigen challenge, serum levels of IL-5 (p=0.2347) and IL-13 (p=0.