As schematically represented in Fig.1A, mice were injected with a single dose of TCPOBOP or oil and sacrificed 1 week later. As shown in Fig. 1B, a single dose of Venetoclax in vitro TCPOBOP elicited a massive enlargement of the liver that doubled 7 days after mitogen administration (liver weight/body weight 10.96% versus 5.31% in controls). Liver enlargement was due, at least in part, to hepatocyte proliferation, as shown by the striking increase in BrdU incorporation (labeling index 43.95% versus 3.83% in controls) (Fig. 1C). Administration of a second dose of TCPOBOP 1 week after the first treatment (Fig. 1A, bottom), a time when the liver was twice

the size of the normal adult liver, did not cause any further enlargement of the organ (liver weight/body selleck screening library weight 11.39% versus 10.96%) (Fig. 1B). Accordingly, no increase in BrdU incorporation was observed in this group (5.91% versus 43.95% of mice treated with only one dose; 3.83% in controls) (Fig. 1C). Because most of the effects of TCPOBOP are mediated by binding and activation of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), we considered the possibility that the lack of

proliferative response of the enlarged liver could be due to down-regulation or functional inactivation of CAR. We thus evaluated the expression of Cyp2b10, a specific CAR target gene (Fig. 1D), and found that Cyp2b10 expression was increased almost 30-fold over control values both after the first as well as the second dose of TCPOBOP, thus showing that CAR was active in both the conditions. These results suggest that the refractoriness of the enlarged liver to a second mitogenic stimulus is not

due to lack of CAR transcriptional activity, but likely to the ability of the liver to sense its oversize and to trigger pathways aimed at inhibiting Leukocyte receptor tyrosine kinase further growth. To determine whether dysregulation of the Hippo pathway was involved in the initial mitogenic response elicited by TCPOBOP, we treated the animals with either oil or TCPOBOP and sacrificed them 24 and 36 hours or 1 week after one dose, and 24 and 36 hours after two doses of TCPOBOP (Fig. 2A). As shown in Fig. 2B and 2C, BrdU incorporation was significantly increased 24 and 36 hours after a single dose of TCPOBOP, and returned to basal values 1 week after treatment. The increased labelling index was associated with increased protein levels of cyclin D1, cyclin A, and PCNA (Fig. 2D). Notably, YAP levels were also increased at these time points, indicating a dysregulation of the Hippo pathway during TCPOBOP-induced hepatocyte proliferation; the return of YAP levels to control values 1 week after treatment suggests reactivation of the Hippo pathway, leading to block of hepatocyte proliferation. Notably, when a second dose of TCPOBOP was administered 1 week after the first dose, namely at a time when the size of the liver was twice that of controls (Fig.