Moreover, the origin of the granular sludge strongly influenced the limit viscosity value according with different granules characteristics. This work confirms the ability of the rheological parameter “”limit viscosity”" as an overall parameter to describe the physico-chemical characteristics (TSS, mTOR inhibitor granulometry, origin, and charge) of anaerobic granular Sludge and showed this holds for both sieved (500 mu m) and unsieved sludges. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Objective-To determine whether gonadectomy or age at gonadectomy was associated with the risk that dogs would subsequently become overweight.
Design-Retrospective
cohort study.
Animals-1,930 dogs gonadectomized between 1998 and 2001 at <= 6 months of age (n = 782), > 6 months to <= 1 year of age (861), or > 1 to <= 5 years of age (287) and 1,669 sexually intact dogs.
Procedures-Dogs were followed-up through medical records for >= 10 years or until a diagnosis of overweight (defined as overweight, obese, or having a body condition score >= 4/5) was recorded. Information
extracted included age at study entry, sex; breed, breed-size category, hospital visit frequency, and diagnosis (yes or no) of overweight or diseases that might affect body condition. Relative risk of a diagnosis of overweight was assessed among AZD8186 age groups of gonadectomized dogs and between gonadectomized and sexually intact dogs.
Results-No difference was detected among dogs grouped according to age at gonadectomy with respect to the risk of being overweight. This risk was significantly greater in gonadectomized dogs than in sexually intact dogs, but only during the first 2 years after gonadectomy. Sexually intact male dogs were approximately 40% less likely to have this diagnosis (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.52 to 0.72) than were sexually intact female dogs; no difference in
risk between the sexes was evident for gonadectomized dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Gonadectomized dogs had a greater risk of being overweight than did sexually intact dogs, but this risk was not influenced by age at gonadectomy. Opportunities exist for veterinarians selleck chemicals to provide counseling during the first years after gonadectomy to help dogs maintain a healthy weight.”
“Growth Hormone (GH) is a 22 kDa protein that has effects on growth and glucose and fat metabolisms. These effects are initiated by binding of growth hormone (GH) to growth hormone receptors (GHR) expressed in target cells. Mutations or deletions in the growth hormone receptor cause an autosomal disorder called Laron-type dwarfism (LS) characterized by high circulating levels of serum GH and low levels of insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). We analyzed the GHR gene for genetic defect in seven patients identified as Laron type dwarfism.