In this report we show that PLG binds to the surface of FT in vitro and that surface-bound PLG can

be converted to the active plasmin form. In addition, using a combination of Far-Western blotting analyses coupled with proteomic methodologies, we have identified several FT proteins that can bind GS-4997 nmr to human PLG in vitro. Results Binding of PLG from fresh human plasma to the surface of FTLVS We used an ELISA assay to determine that PLG in fresh frozen plasma (FFP) binds to FTLVS grown to mid-log phase in BHI (Figure 1). Binding was inhibited when ε-aminocaproic acid (εACA), known to inhibit binding of PLG to lysine groups in proteins, was included in the incubation mixture. To help eliminate the possibility of non-specific binding of PLG due to its high selleck inhibitor concentrations in human plasma and also to rule out the contributions of other plasma Pexidartinib in vivo proteins, we used purified human Glu-PLG (huPLG) and noted similar results to those observed when FFP was used (Figure 2A). We also found that huPLG binds to the highly virulent Schu S4 strain of FT at moderately higher levels than observed with

FTLVS (Figure 2B). We confirmed that binding of huPLG to FT is a lysine-dependent interaction by showing that increasing concentrations of εACA can inhibit binding of huPLG to FTLVS in a dose-dependent fashion (Figure 3). When similar concentrations of glycine were used as an inhibitor control, no inhibition of huPLG binding was observed (data not shown). Confocal microscopic analyses suggested that huPLG binds to the surface of FT (Figure 4); however, it is possible that some of the staining observed was the result of huPLG penetration into the outer envelope of FT.

Although is has been reported that culture media composition can have a significant impact of the surface properties and virulence characteristics of FTLVS [28], we observed no differences in the ability of PLG to bind to the surface of FTLVS grown in modified Mueller-Hinton medium vs. brain-heart infusion broth (data Fludarabine ic50 not shown). Figure 1 FT binds to PLG from human plasma. FTLVS cultured to mid-log phase in BHI broth were bound to wells of microtiter plates and then incubated for 1 hour with fresh frozen human plasma (FFP) in the presence or absence of 100 mM ε-amino caproic acid (εACA), a PLG-binding inhibitor. A modified ELISA was performed to measure FTLVS-bound PLG. The results shown are representative of 3 experiments of similar design. Bars indicate +/- SEM in triplicate. Statistical analysis was performed via one-way ANOVA using a Dunnett’s Multiple Comparison post-test (*** P < .001). Figure 2 Purified huPLG binds to FTLVS and FTSchuS4. FTLVS (Panel A) and FTSchuS4 (Panel B) were bound to microtiter wells and incubated for 2 hours with purified huPLG (3 μg/ml) in the presence or absence of 10 mM εACA).