Furthermore, there was no statistical difference in bacterial loa

Furthermore, there was no statistical difference in bacterial loads in this website the ear effusions recovered from the two groups (Figure  3A). Figure 3 Deletion of hfq in H. influenzae strain 86-028NP in the chinchilla model of otitis media. (A) Bacterial titers of 86-028NP (closed circles) and the ∆hfq strain HI2207 (closed squares) in the middle ear effusions collected on days 4, 7, 11 and

14 post infection. (B) Competitive index comparing the input ratios of 86-028NP and HI2207 on day 0 to the output ratios of bacterial titers on the days indicated post infection (**P<0.001). In the fitness assays, five chinchillas were challenged with the wild type and mutant strains and disease progression was assessed on days 4, 7, 11, and 14 post-infection (Figure  3B). Over the duration of the experiment, the wild type strain produced titers normally seen in otitis media in the chinchilla following challenge with this strain [46]. However, the mutant strain was unable to compete with wild type in this environment. The average competitive index [(mutant output/WT output)/(mutant input/WT input)] in the ten ears was approximately 0.01 by day four (P<0.001, one

sample t-test for competitive index = 1.0) and continued to decline until day 11 when all ears were cleared of the mutant strain (Figure  3B). Because in vitro growth rates of mutant and wild type strains were not different in sBHI, the results of the mixed challenge suggest that the mutant’s fitness reduction is specific to the host environment. The nontypeable strain R2866 was compared Ribociclib research buy to the hfq mutant, HI2206, and the ∆hfq complement selleck screening library strain, HI2210, for the ability to establish and maintain bacteremia in the infant rat model of invasive disease. Virulence and fitness models of infection were also used in the infant rats. In the virulence study, two groups of 10 infant rats were infected with the wild type or mutant strain and disease progression was monitored by MK-0457 research buy clinical signs of infection and by bacterial titers in the blood. There was no observed

difference in disease progression between the two groups and there was no significant difference in the bacterial titers (Figure  4A). Figure 4 Comparison of H. influenzae strains R2866, HI2206, and HI2210 to sustain bacteremia in infant rats. (A) Bacteremic titers of rats infected with either R2866 (closed circles) or HI2206 (closed squares) in the virulence model of infection. (B) Competitive index showing the comparison of bacteria input ratios of R2866 and HI2206 on Day 0 compared to the output ratios on subsequent days of the infection. (C) Competitive index comparing the ∆hfq strain HI2206 and the complement HI2210. (D) Comparison of fitness of R2866 and HI2210. Data are representative of two independent experiments. (**P<0.0001; *P<0.01). In the infant rat fitness study, two cohorts of 10 pups were used to compare the fitness of R2866, HI2206, and HI2210.

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