Briefly, neutral monosaccharides were released from purified exopolysaccharide (5 mg) by hydrolysis in a sealed tube buy CFTRinh-172 with 2 N trifluoroacetic acid (200 μl) at 100°C for 6 h. The hydrolysate was concentrated in vacuo and dissolved in 500 ml of distilled water. The sugars

were identified by HPLC (LC-9A, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) with a TSK-gel sugar AXG column (15 cm × 4.6 mm) (Tosoh, Tokyo, Japan) using 0.5 M potassium tetraborate buffer (pH 8.7) as a carrier at a flow rate of 0.4 ml/min and a column temperature of 70°C. Amino sugars were released from purified exopolysaccharide (5 mg) by hydrolysis in a sealed tube with 4 N HCl (200 μl) at 100°C for 6 h. The hydrolysates were analyzed by HPLC (LC-9A, Shimadzu). Transmission electron microscopy of purified viscous materials For negative staining, the ethanol precipitated viscous material was dissolved in distilled water (1 mg/ml). Fifteen microliters of the sample was deposited onto a formvar-coated and carbon-stabilized copper grid. After 1 min, excess fluid was removed with filter paper strips, stained with 2% uranyl acetate for 1 min, and examined in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) (H7100, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) at 100 kV. Microarray construction To create selleck screening library a whole-genome microarray for P. intermedia strain 17, 30 perfect-matched and 30 miss-matched

24-mer probes were designed for all putative open reading frames (ORFs) (2,816 ORFs/array) from a whole genome sequence of P. intermedia strain 17, which is available from the

Institute for Genomic Research data base (TIGR) using a Maskless Array Synthesizer (NimbleGen Systems Inc., Madison, WI, USA). RNA isolation To determine an appropriate time point for total RNA isolation from the cultures of strains 17 and 17-2, morphological changes of cell surface structures associating with growth were examined by SEM. Single colony of Strains 17 and 17-2 grown on BAP for 24 h were Autophagy activator inoculated into enriched-TSB and grown for 24 h as the seed culture. Five ml of this seed culture was used to inoculate 500 ml of enriched-TSB. The growth of the culture was monitored by measuring the absorbance at the wavelength of 600 nm. The morphology of cultured cells at a different stage of growth was examined by SEM as described above. RNA isolation was performed at a time point (12 h) when the surface-associated meshwork-like structure had begun to form. Total RNA samples were extracted from 12 h cultures of strains 17 and 17-2 using RNeasy Midi Kit (QIAGEN, Tokyo, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Samples were quantified and checked for purity using an Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer (Agilent, Hachioji, Japan). Total RNA (12 μg) was primed with random primer (Invitrogen, Tokyo, Japan), and cDNA was synthesized with BMS202 solubility dmso reverse transcriptase (Superscript II, Invitrogen).