Accumulation of excess glutamate at all transmission sites selleck inhibitor of the ascending sensory pathways may have resulted, after several weeks of Mn exposure, in receptor desensitization, another factor leading to increased EP latency [34]. The excitotoxic effect of excess glutamate cannot be ruled out either.The results confirm the general and neurological toxicity of both forms of Mn applied, and emphasize the higher toxic potential of Mn-containing NPs as opposed to the dissolved form. Both of these forms, however, can cause human exposure, separately and simultaneously, and our present results potentially suggest that preceding (or concurrent) oral Mn burden may increase the sensitivity to inhaled Mn.

This problem deserves further investigation, for example, in model systems similar to ours��partly because exposure from several sources or by several ways is a real-life possibility, and partly because Mn level in human biological samples is apparently not a reliable indicator of CNS damage [35] and, not less importantly, is not sensitive to the physicochemical form of the absorbed Mn. So, eventual development of neurofunctional biomarkers, based for example on the electrophysiological effects examined in this work, may be of importance��primarily in contributing to sensitivity while Mn specificity will have to be provided by other, probably chemical, markers.
Social norms are rules and expectations with which a society guides the behavior of its members [1]. Social norms could be very powerful in shaping behavior, as people do not just act in their own interests but also because of conformity to social norms.

In general, social norms can be put into two general categories of rules with moral significance (mores) Carfilzomib and rules for causal interactions (folkways) which guide our social behavior. As a kind of social norms, prosocial norms are unambiguous, healthy, ethical standards, beliefs, and behavior guidelines that promote prosocial behavior and minimize health hazards [2]. The promotion of prosocial norms is a common objective of positive youth development programs [3]. The prosocial norms that youth development programs often aim to promote include reciprocity, responsibility, volunteerism, and altruism [4]. This paper aims to review the nature, origins, and theories of prosocial norms and how young people learn, evaluate, and adopt prosocial norms. Implications for further research in the youth development will be presented.