( Fig. 1) Description (based on eight specimens)
Third larval stage, 19.9 (17.4–23.1) total length; 0.53 (0.45–0.62) maximum width. Cuticle transversally striated. No lateral alae. Larval teeth at the anterior extremity. Oesophagus 1.85 (1.45–2.78) long. Ventriculus with appendix, 2.09 (1.6–2.4) long; and 1.5 (0.91–2.0) large. Excretory pore anterior to the level of the nerve ring. Host: Diplodon suavidicus (Lea, 1856) (Mollusca, Unioniformes, Hyriidae). Host examined: (based on 68 specimens). this website Hosts showed a mean length of 32.4 mm (varying between 22.45 and 44.7), ( Fig. 2) Prevalence and intensity: from the 68 molluscs collected, 56 were parasitized. The prevalence was 82%, with a mean intensity of 4.71 and mean abundance of 3.88. The amplitude of variation was between 1–16 individuals per host. Site of infection: pericardic cavity Diplodon suavidicus. INPA 1291; 1260; 1265; 1273; 129; 1300; 1306. Hysterothylacium sp. INPA 1291; 1260; 1265; 1273; 129; 1300; 1306. The Anisakidae family shows a worldwide distribution and parasitizes
all classes of vertebrates, including fish, mammals, birds and reptiles (Moravec, 1998). Their life cycle is still not clear for most species and many intermediate and definitive hosts are not known yet. selleck screening library Some larvae can have a zoonotic character and reach men through the ingestion of raw or improperly cooked fish meat. Clinical signs depend on the site where the larva is deposited, but it generally causes abdominal pain and vomiting, as well as some allergic reactions (Fumarola et al., 2009 and Valls et al., 2005). Nematodes of the Hysterothylacium genus reach sexual maturity inside the intestine of fish or marine mammals. Larvae of Hysterothylacium
are found using a great variety of organisms as intermediate hosts ( Jackson et al., 1997, Marcogliese, 1996, Bicudo et al., 2005 and Navone Interleukin-2 receptor et al., 1998). This is the first report of Hysterothylacium larvae in Mollusca for the Amazon and Brazil. It is also the first record of a South American Hyriidae freshwater mussel as an Anisakidae intermediate host. Thiengo et al. (2000) also recorded the presence of Anisakidae larva species in South American molluscs. However, these authors investigated the gastropod mollusc Gundlachia radiata (Guilding, 1828) and identified the larvae as belonging to the Contracaecum genus. Luque et al. (2007) recorded the presence of Hysterothylacium larvae in amphipods in New Zealand. However, the prevalence found by Thiengo et al. (2000) and Luque et al. (2007) were low compared to this study. From the 65 Gundlachia radiata specimens collected, only three were parasitized by Contracaecum larvae and with a maximum intensity of two larvae per host. From the amphipods collected by Luque et al. (2007), around one to 10% of the hosts were parasitized, depending on the sampling site, with one or two nematodes being found per host.