5.1 copies/mL; P ≤ 0.001) for the three-way comparison and higher crude mortality rates (35 and 22%, respectively, vs. 11%; P ≤ 0.001). There were no differences in the median age of patients with KS and those without KS (P = 0.729). In paired analyses, the only difference between participants with prevalent KS and those with incident KS that was statistically significant was the proportion of those with WHO stage IV disease at baseline (P < 0.001; data not shown). Because we found few differences between patients with incident and prevalent selleck screening library KS, for

subsequent analyses we combined all patients with prevalent and incident KS. In the univariate logistic regression analysis (Table 2), KS was associated with male sex [odds ratio (OR) 2.94; 95% CI 1.49–5.77], baseline CD4 cell count ≤ 50 cells/μL (OR 3.64; 95% CI 1.16–11.4) and baseline log viral load (OR 2.54 per log10 increase; 95% CI 1.24–5.18). In the final model, KS was associated with male sex [adjusted OR (AOR) 2.41; 95% CI 1.20–4.86] and baseline CD4 cell count ≤ 50 cells/μL (AOR 3.25; 95% CI 1.03–10.3). Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for baseline CD4 cell count, baseline log viral load, age and sex in the cohort found that KS at baseline or during follow-up was independently associated with death [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) 2.6; 95% CI 1.3–4.9] (data not shown). Among participants with KS, mortality

see more was associated with visceral disease [hazard ratio (HR) 19.2; 95% CI 2.42–152]. No other factor was significantly associated with mortality in univariate analysis (Table 3).

Among the 18 patients with incident KS, six (33%) developed KS within 90 days after initiating HAART and the median CD4 count at the time of KS diagnosis among patients with incident KS was 158 cells/μL (IQR 81–257 cells/μL). Of these patients, seven were switched to PI-based regimens, because of presumed treatment failure among patients who received only clinical HAART monitoring. A total of 11 patients Diflunisal (61%) had VL measurements below the limits of assay detection; either < 50 or < 400 copies/mL, depending on the assay in use at the time. KS was an uncommon diagnosis among HIV-infected individuals initiating HAART in rural Uganda, affecting 3.2% of individuals in this study and having an estimated incidence of 0.34 cases per 100 person-years of follow-up. Sixty-four per cent of the patients with KS who remained on NNRTI-based regimens survived and achieved complete regression of their tumours. These results are comparable to those of previous studies conducted in industrialized countries in which PI-based regimens were predominantly used [8, 9], Nevertheless, mortality associated with KS in our study was very high (30% compared with 11% for participants without KS). Our findings are similar to those of a recently reported study from South Africa which found a prevalence of KS of 3.4% among unselected patients in an HIV clinic population and a mortality rate of 25% [12].